Arformoterol; Indications, Dosage, Side Effects, Drug Interaction ,Pregnancy

Arformoterol; Indications, Dosage, Side Effects, Drug Interaction ,Pregnancy

Arformoterol is a beta2-Adrenergic Agonist. The mechanism of action of arformoterol is as an Adrenergic beta2-Agonist.
Formoterol is a long-acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist with bronchodilator activity. Formoterol selectively binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, thereby activating intracellular adenyl cyclase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increased cAMP levels cause relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, relieve bronchospasms, improve mucociliary clearance and reduce mediator substance release from inflammatory cells, especially from mast cells.

Mechanism of Action of Arformoterol

While it is recognized that β2-receptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and β1-receptors are the predominant receptors in the heart, data indicate that there are also β2-receptors in the human heart comprising 10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenergic receptors. The precise function of these receptors has not been established, but they raise the possibility that even highly selective β2-agonists may have cardiac effects. The pharmacologic effects of β2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs, including arformoterol, are at least in part attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of proinflammatory mediators from cells, especially from mast cells. In vitro tests show that arformoterol is an inhibitor of the release of mast cell mediators, such as histamine and leukotrienes, from the human lung. Arformoterol also inhibits histamine-induced plasma albumin extravasation in anesthetized guinea pigs and inhibits allergen-induced eosinophil influx in dogs with airway hyper-response.

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While it is recognized that β2-receptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and β1-receptors are the predominant receptors in the heart, data indicate that there are also β2-receptors in the human heart comprising 10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenergic receptors. The precise function of these receptors has not been established, but they raise the possibility that even highly selective β2-agonists may have cardiac effects. The pharmacologic effects of β2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs, including arformoterol, are at least in part attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Increased intracellular cyclic AMPlevels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of proinflammatory mediators from cells, especially from mast cells. In vitro tests show that arformoterol is an inhibitor of the release of mast cell mediators, such as histamine and leukotrienes, from the human lung. Arformoterol also inhibits histamine-induced plasma albumin extravasation in anesthetized guinea pigs and inhibits allergen-induced eosinophil influx in dogs with airway hyper-response.

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Indications of Arformoterol

  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Bronchospasm Prophylaxis
  • Bronchial asthma,
  • Chronic bronchitis,
  • Chronic bronchopulmonary disorders
  • Airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
  • Chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema.
  • Long-term, twice daily (morning and evening) administration in the maintenance treatment of bronchoconstriction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
  • A bronchodilator used for the long-term, symptomatic treatment of reversible bronchoconstriction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
  • Maintenance therapy of asthma together with a separate rapid-acting bronchodilator as rescue

Contra-Indications of Arformoterol

Dosage of Arformoterol

Strengths: 15 mcg/2 mL

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – Maintenance

  • 15 mcg inhaled by nebulization twice daily (morning and evening).
  • Maximum Daily Dose: 30 mcg

Side Effects of Arformoterol

The most common

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More common

Rare

Drug Interactions

Arformoterol may interact with the following drugs, supplements & may change the efficacy of drugs

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Pregnancy Catagory of Arformoterol

FDA Pregnancy Category C

Pregnancy

In animal studies, pregnant animals were given this medication and had some babies born with problems. No well-controlled studies have been done in humans. Therefore, this medication may be used if the potential benefits to the mother outweigh the potential risks to the unborn child.

Lactation

It is not known if arformoterol crosses into human milk. Because many medications can cross into human milk and because of the possibility for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants with use of this medication, a choice should be made whether to stop nursing or stop the use of this medication.

References

Arformoterol

 

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