Warfarin Sodium is the sodium salt form of warfarin, a coumarin and a vitamin K antagonist, with anticoagulant activity. Warfarin sodium inhibits both vitamin K and vitamin K epoxide reductases, thereby interfering with the cyclic interconversion of vitamin K epoxide to its reduced form, vitamin KH2. Vitamin KH2 is a cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamate residues on the N-terminal regions of vitamin K-dependent proteins. As a result, maturation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S is inhibited. Without these coagulation factors, thrombogenesis and blood clot formation are prevented.
Warfarin is a medication that is used as an anticoagulant(blood thinner).It is commonly used to treat blood clots such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolismand to prevent stroke in people who have atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease or artificial heart valves. Warfarin has since become the most frequently prescribed oral anticoagulant in North America. Warfarin has several properties that should be noted when used medicinally, including its ability to cross the placental barrier during pregnancy which can result in fatal bleeding, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, stillbirth, and neonatal death. Additional adverse effects such as necrosis, purple toe syndrome, osteoporosis, valve and artery calcification, and drug interactions have also been documented with warfarin use.
Mechanism of Action of Warfarin
Warfarin inhibits vitamin K reductase, resulting in depletion of the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2). As vitamin K is a cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamate residues on the N-terminal regions of vitamin K-dependent proteins, this limits the gamma-carboxylation and subsequent activation of the vitamin K-dependent coagulant proteins. The synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, and anticoagulant proteins C and S is inhibited. Depression of three of the four vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (factors II, VII, and X) results in decreased prothrombin levels and a decrease in the amount of thrombin generated and bound to fibrin. This reduces the thrombogenicity of clots.
Indications of Warfarin
- Myocardial Infarction
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Strokes
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis after Knee Replacement Surgery
- Deep Vein Thrombosis, First Event
- Chronic Central Venous Catheterization
- Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis after Hip Replacement Surgery
- Deep Vein Thrombosis, Recurrent Event
- Heart Attack
- Heart Failure
- Prevention of Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation
- Prosthetic Heart Valves – Thrombosis Prophylaxis
- Prosthetic Heart Valves, Mechanical Valves – Thrombosis Prophylaxis
- Prosthetic Heart Valves, Tissue Valves – Thrombosis Prophylaxis
- Protein S Deficiency
- Pulmonary Embolism,
- Thromboembolic Stroke Prophylaxis
- Systemic Embolism
- Thromboembolism
- Thrombosis, Venous
- Transient ischemia attacks
Therapeutic Indications of Warfarin
- For the treatment of retinal vascular occlusion, pulmonary embolism, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and flutter, cerebral embolism, transient cerebral ischemia, arterial embolism, and thrombosis.
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Warfarin and/or aspirin is used to prevent thromboembolism associated with various types of valvular heart disease; the choice of antithrombotic therapy depends on balancing the risk of thromboembolism with the risk of hemorrhagic complications from antithrombotic therapy.
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Use of warfarin is recommended to decrease the risk of embolization in patients undergoing pharmacologic or electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter.
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Warfarin is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation.
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Warfarin also has been used for primary thromboprophylaxis in children with ventricular assist devices or with an arteriovenous fistula undergoing hemodialysis and in children with certain medical conditions associated with a high risk of thrombosis (e.g., moderate or giant coronary aneurysms following Kawasaki disease, primary pulmonary hypertension).
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Warfarin has been used in a limited number of patients undergoing percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy to prevent left atrial embolism.
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While warfarin should not be used for initial treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), the manufacturers and other clinicians state that therapy with the drug may be considered after platelet counts have normalized.
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Warfarin has been used in certain patients with the peripheral arterial occlusive disease. However, ACCP generally recommends the use of antiplatelet agents (aspirin or clopidogrel) rather than anticoagulants for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with the peripheral arterial disease.
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In the treatment of acute proximal deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (i.e., venous thromboembolism) in adults, the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) recommends that warfarin therapy is initiated concomitantly with a parenteral anticoagulant (a low molecular weight heparin, unfractionated heparin, or fondaparinux).
Contraindications of Warfarin
All anticoagulants are generally contraindicated in situations where the reduction in clotting that they cause might lead to serious and potentially life-threatening bleeds. This includes people with active bleeding conditions (such as gastrointestinal ulcers), or disease states with an increased risk of bleeding e.g. low platelets, severe liver disease, uncontrolled hypertension. For patients undergoing surgery, treatment with anticoagulants is generally suspended. Similarly, spinal or lumbar puncture (e.g. spinal injections, epidurals, etc.) carry increased risk so treatment is suspended prior to these procedures.
Warfarin should not be given to people with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia until platelet count has improved or normalized. Warfarin is usually best avoided in people with protein C or protein S deficiency as these thrombophilic conditions increase the risk of skin necrosis, which is a rare but serious side effect associated with warfarin.
Dosage of Warfarin
Strengths: 1 mg; 2 mg; 2.5mg ; 3mg ; 4mg; 5 mg; 6 mg 7.5 mg; 10 mg;
Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation
- Initial dose: 2 to 5 mg orally once a day
- Maintenance dose: 2 to 10 mg orally once a day
Thromboembolic Stroke Prophylaxis
- Initial dose: 2 to 5 mg orally once a day
- Maintenance dose: 2 to 10 mg orally once a day
Myocardial Infarction
- Initial dose: 2 to 5 mg orally once a day
- Maintenance dose: 2 to 10 mg orally once a day
Deep Vein Thrombosis
- Initial dose: 2 to 5 mg orally once a day
- Maintenance dose: 2 to 10 mg orally once a day
Pulmonary Embolism
- Initial dose: 2 to 5 mg orally once a day
- Maintenance dose: 2 to 10 mg orally once a day
Side Effects of Warfarin
The most common
- Bleeding gums
- blood in the urine
- bloody stools
- blurred vision
- constipation
- muscle aches
- Nausea and vomiting
- Severe stomach ache
- diarrhoea,
- anorexia,
- headache,
- dizziness,
- joint pain
Common
- nusual bruising, such as:
- unexplainable bruises
- bruises that grow in size
- nosebleeds
- bleeding gums
- bleeding from cuts that takes a long time to stop
- heavier than normal menstrual or vaginal bleeding
- pink or brown urine
- red or black stools
- coughing up blood
- vomiting blood
Less common
- Bleeding gums
- blood in the urine
- burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, “pins and needles”, or tingling feelings
- chest pain or discomfort
- confusion
- coughing up blood
- difficulty with breathing or swallowing
- dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when getting up suddenly from a lying or sitting position
- excessive bruising
- headache
- increased menstrual flow or vaginal bleeding
- nosebleeds
- paralysis
- peeling of the skin
- prolonged bleeding from cuts
- red or black, tarry stools
Drug Interactions of Warfarin
Warfarin may interact with following drugs, supplements & may change the efficacy of the drug
- alcohol
- angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs; e.g., irbesartan, losartan)
- anticancer medications (e.g., carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil)
- azathioprine
- “azole” antifungals (e.g., fluconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole)
- barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital, secobarbital)
- carbamazepine
- cephalosporins (e.g., cefazolin, cefoperazone, cefotetan, cefoxitin)
- clopidogrel
- coenzyme Q10
- corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone, prednisone)
- COX-II inhibitors (celecoxib, rofecoxib)
- estrogen-containing medications (e.g., birth control pills)
- glucosamine
- heparin
- macrolide antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin, clarithromycin,
- methyldopa
- metronidazole
- mirtazapine
- multivitamins
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; e.g., diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen)
- omega-3 fatty acids
- penicillins (e.g., ampicillin, cloxacillin, penicillin G, piperacillin, ticarcillin)
- pentoxifylline
- phenobarbital
- phenytoin
- progestins (e.g., levonorgestrel, progesterone)
- proton pump inhibitors (e.g., lansoprazole, omeprazole)
- quinolone antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin)
- ranitidine
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; e.g., citalopram, duloxetine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline)
- “statins” (e.g., fluvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin)
- sulfonamide antibiotics (e.g., sulfamethoxazole)
- tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline)
- tolterodine
- tramadol
- tricyclic antidepressasnts (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, trimipramine)
- vitamin A
- vitamin E
- vitamin K
- zafirlukast
Pregnancy & Lactation of Warfarin
FDA Pregnancy Category D
Pregnancy
Warfarin should not be used during pregnancy. It passes through the placental barrier and may cause bleeding in the unborn baby. If you become pregnant while taking this medication, contact your doctor immediately.
Lactation
It is not known if warfarin passes into human breast milk. If you breastfeeding-feeding mother and are taking this medication, it may affect your baby. Talk to your doctor about whether you should continue breast-feeding.
References
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