Alkalosis is excessive blood alkalinity caused by an overabundance of bicarbonate in the blood or a loss of acid from the blood (metabolic alkalosis), or by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood that results from rapid or deep breathing (respiratory alkalosis). Alkalosis is excessive blood alkalinity caused by an overabundance of bicarbonate … [Read more…]
Acid-base disorders are disturbances in the homeostasis of hydrogen ion concentration in the plasma. Any process that increases the serum hydrogen ion concentration is an acidotic process. The term acidemia is used to describe serum that is abnormally acidic, and this can be due to respiratory acidosis, which involves changes in carbon dioxide, or metabolic … [Read more…]
Acid-base balance is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body’s extracellular fluid (ECF).[1] The proper balance between the acids and bases (i.e. the pH) in the ECF is crucial for the normal physiology of the body—and for cellular metabolism.[1] The pH of the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid need to be maintained at a constant level. The body’s balance between acidity and alkalinity is referred to as acid-base balance. The blood’s acid-base balance … [Read more…]
An enterovesical fistula is a pathologic connection between the bowel and the bladder. This activity reviews the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for affected patients. A fistula is an abnormal connection between two epithelial surfaces[rx]. There are some exceptions of this definition, like when the … [Read more…]
An enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) is an abnormal connection that develops between the intestinal tract or stomach and the skin. As a result, contents of the stomach or intestines leak through to the skin. An enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) is an aberrant connection between the intra-abdominal gastrointestinal (GI) tract and skin/wound. Because of differences in management and … [Read more…]
Intestinal Fistula/A fistula is an abnormal communication between two epithelial surfaces. This definition is not without exceptions. It is a general description to differentiate fistulae from sinuses[rx] and other forms of luminal tracts. As the definition implies, fistula connects 2 different surfaces or lumens. It often starts from an offending site and makes its way to … [Read more…]
An abdominal examination can give diagnostic clues regarding most gastrointestinal and genitourinary pathologies and may also give insight regarding abnormalities of other organ systems. A well-performed abdominal examination decreases the need for detailed radiological investigations also plays an important role in patient management. Function The abdominal examination is performed with the patient lying supine. The … [Read more…]
Cardiospasm/Achalasia is a rare neurodegenerative motor smooth muscle motility disorder of the esophagus resulting in deranged oesophageal peristalsis and loss of lower oesophageal sphincter function that makes it difficult for food and liquid to pass into your stomach. Achalasia occurs when nerves in the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus) become damaged. As a … [Read more…]
Esophageal Peristalsis/Achalasia is a rare neurodegenerative motor smooth muscle motility disorder of the esophagus resulting in deranged oesophageal peristalsis and loss of lower oesophageal sphincter function that makes it difficult for food and liquid to pass into your stomach. Achalasia occurs when nerves in the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus) become damaged. As … [Read more…]
Autoimmune hepatitis refers to chronic and progressive inflammation of the liver from an unknown cause that is characterized by a loss of immune tolerance against liver antigens, resulting in progressive destruction of the hepatic parenchyma and histologically by interface hepatitis, serologically by the presence of non-organ specific autoantibodies, biochemically by elevated aminotransferases and serum IgG, … [Read more…]
Autoimmune Chronic Active Hepatitis/Autoimmune hepatitis refers to chronic and progressive inflammation of the liver from an unknown cause that is characterized by a loss of immune tolerance against liver antigens, resulting in progressive destruction of the hepatic parenchyma and histologically by interface hepatitis, serologically by the presence of non-organ specific autoantibodies, biochemically by elevated aminotransferases … [Read more…]
Autoimmune oophoritis is an uncommon, non-neoplastic, autoimmune inflammation of ovaries, a chronic process in which the affected organ is destroyed by massive cellular infiltration of foamy histiocytes admixed with multinucleated giant cells, plasma cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, and foci of necrosis resulting in their destruction, atrophy, and fibrosis with a loss of fertility and ovary hormonal … [Read more…]