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Pharmacological Drugs- Defination, Classification, FDA New Drugs

Pharmacological Drugs is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management.

A drug class is a set of medications that have similar chemical structures, the same mechanism of action (i.e., bind to the same biological target), a related mode of action, and/or are used to treat the same disease.

In several dominant drug classification systems, these four types of classifications form a hierarchy. For example, the fibrates are a chemical class of drugs (amphipathic carboxylic acids) that share the same mechanism of action (PPAR agonist), mode of action (reducing blood triglycerides), and are used to prevent and to treat the same disease (atherosclerosis). Conversely not all PPAR agonists are fibrates, not all triglyceride lowering agents are PPAR agonists, and not all drugs that are used to treat atherosclerosis are triglyceride lowering agents.

Classification of Pharmacological Drugs

1. Adrenergic Antagonists

Alpha Adrenergic Antagonists

They can be classified into three groups;

List of Drugs

Mainly Alpha 1 antagonists

Prazosin
Doxazosin
Terazosin
Tamsulosin
Alfuzosin
Indoramin
Urapidil

Mainly Alpha 2 Antagonists:

Yohimbine
Tolazoline

Alpha 1 And Alpha 2 Antagonists:

Phenoxybenzamine
Phentolamine

Beta Adrenergic Antagonists

Beta 1 And Beta 2 Antagonists

Propranolol
Pindolol
Penbutolol
Nadolol
Carteolol
Timolol
Sotalol

Mainly Beta 1 Antagonists

Acebutolol
Atenolol
Alprenolol
Betaxolol
Celiprolol
Metoprolol
Esmolol
Nebivolol

2. Adrenergic Agonist

Direct action

These drugs act directly on one or more adrenergic receptors. According to receptor selectivity they are two types:

Non-selective: drugs act on one or more receptors; these are:

List of Drugs

Adrenaline (almost all adrenergic receptors).
Noradrenaline (acts on α₁, α₂, β₁).
Isoprenaline (acts on β₁, β₂, β₃).
Dopamine (acts on α₁, α₂, β₁, D₁, D₂).

Selective: drugs which act on a single receptor only; these are further classified into

List of Drugs

α selective & β selective.
α1 selective: Phenylephrine, Methoxamine, Midodrine, Oxymetazoline.
α2 selective: α-Methyl dopa, clonidine, brimonidine.
β1 selective: Dobutamine.
β2 selective: Salbutamol/Albuterol, Terbutaline, Salmeterol, Formoterol, Pirbuterol.

Indirect action

List of Drugs

Amphetamines
Cocaine
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Tyramine
Nicotine
Caffeine
Methylphenidate

Mixed action

Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine

3. Cholinergic Agonists:

Direct and indirect acting Agonists

List of Drugs

1. Direct Acting Agonist Drugs:

They ARe further divided into two groups

a. Choline Esters

Acetylcholine
Methacholine
Carbachol
Bethanechol

b. Cholinomimetic alkaloids

Muscarine
Nicotine
Pilocarpine
Lobeline

2. Indirect Acting Drugs:

List of Drugs

a. Reversibly Acting:

Neostigmine
Physostigmine
Demecarium
Pyridostigmine
Ambenonium

b. Irreversible Acting:

Echothiophate
Parathione
Malathione
Tetra ethyl Pyrophosphate

4. Cholinergic Antagonists:

List of Drugs

Antimuscarinic agents

Atropine
Benztropine
Biperiden
Chlorpheniramine
Dicyclomine
Dimenhydrinate
Diphenhydramine
Doxepin
Doxylamine
Glycopyrrolate
Ipratropium
Orphenadrine
Oxitropium
Oxybutynin
Propantheline bromide
Tolterodine
Tiotropium
Trihexyphenidyl
Scopolamine
Solifenacin
Tropicamide

Antinicotinic agents

Bupropion
Dextromethorphan
Doxacurium
Hexamethonium
Mecamylamine
Tubocurarine

5. Anti Anginal Drugs

List of Drugs

a) Organic Nitrates

Nitriglycerin
Isosorbide Dinitrate
Isosorbide Mononitrate
Amyl nitrite

b) Calcium Channel Blockers

List of Drugs

Further Divided Into

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1. Dihydropyridine

Nifedipine
Nicardipine
Amlodipine
Nisoldipine
Nitrendipine
Nimodipine

2. Miscellaneous Drugs

Verapamil
Diltiazem
Bepridil

c) Beta Blockers

Further Divided Into

1. ß 1 + ß 2 Antagonists

Propranolol
Penbutolol
Sotalol
Pindolol
Timolol

2. ß 1 Selective Antagonist

Metoprolol
Atenolol
Esmolol
Acebutolo
Betaxolol

6. Drugs Used For Congestive Cardiac Failure

Drugs Used For Congestive Cardiac Failure or chf medications are ,

1. Drugs used to decrease preload

Diuretics
organic nitrate

2. Drugs which decrease after load

Hydralazine
Minoxidil

3. Drugs which decrease both preload and afterload

Captopril
Enalapril
Lisinopril
Fosinopril
Quinapril

Positive ionotropic drugsThey can be further divided into three groups;

Cardiac glycosides:
Digoxin
Digitoxin
Ouabin
Lanatoside.

2. Phosphodiestrase inhibitors

inamrinonone (Amrinone)
Milrinone
Sympathomimetics:
Dopamine
Dobutamine
Depoxamine
Xamoterol

7. Antiplatelet drugs

Antiplatelet List of drugs include:

Anagrelide
Aspirin
clopidogrel
prasugrel
ticagrelor
tirofiban
vorapaxar
dipyridamole

8. Anticoagulants

List of drugs in this class include:

warfarin
dabigatran
edoxaban
rivaroxaban
apixaban

9. Diuretics

Thiazides diuretics

List of Drugs

Chlorothiazide
Chlorthalidone
Indapamide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Methyclothiazide
Metolazone

Loop diuretics

List of Drugs

Bumetanide
Furosemide
Ethacrynate
Torsemide

Potassium sparing diuretics

Amiloride hydrochloride
spironolactone
triamterene

10. Statins

Statins that are approved for use in the U.S. include:

List of Drugs

11. Thrombolytic Agents

Thrombolytic List of Drugs — include:

Anistreplase
Reteplase
Streptokinase, kabikinase
t-PA (class of drugs that includes Activase)
TNKase (tenecteplase)
Abbokinase, Kinlytic (rokinase)

12. Sedative Hypnotics

1. Sedative Anxiolytic Drugs

Benzodiazepines List of Drugs

Alprazolam
Bromazepam
Chlordiazepoxide
Clonazepam
Clorazepate
Diazepam
Flurazepam
Lorazepam
Oxazepam
Temazepam
Triazolam

Barbiturates

barbiturates include:

Phenobarbital
Mephobarbital
Amobarbital sodium
Butabarbital sodium
Secobarbital sodium

2. Non Sedative

Buspirone
Gepirone
Ipsapirone
Tandospirone

13. Antidepressant Drugs

List of Drugs

1. Tricyclic Antidepressant

2. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

3. Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Desvenlafaxine
Duloxetine
Levomilnacipran
Milnacipran
Venlafaxine

4. Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMS)

Vilazodone
Vortioxetine

5. Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)

Reboxetine
Teniloxazine
Viloxazine

6. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Isocarboxazid
Phenelzine
Selegiline
Tranylcypromine

14. Antipsychotics

Aripiprazole
Asenapine
Cariprazine
Clozapine
Lurasidone
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Risperidone
Ziprasidone

15. Antiepileptic Drugs

Absence seizures (including typical and atypical absences): (List of Drugs)

Acetazolamide
Clonazepam
Ethosuximide
Lamotrigine
Sodium valproate

Atonic seizures:

Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Primidone
Sodium valproate

Catamenial seizures (menstrual-related):

Acetazolamide
Clobazam

Cluster seizures:

Clobazam

Episodic disorders:

Acetazolamide

Dravet syndrome (severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy or SMEI):

Stiripentol

Focal (partial) seizures:

Acetazolamide
Carbamazepine
Clobazam
Clonazepam
Eslicarbazepine acetate
Gabapentin
Lacosamide
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam
Oxcarbazepine
Perampanel
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Pregabalin
Primidone
Retigabine
Sodium valproate
Tiagabine
Topiramate
Vigabatrin
Zonisamide

Focal (partial) seizures with secondary generalisation:

Gabapentin
Lacosamide
Levetiracetam
Perampanel
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Pregabalin
Primidone
Retigabine
Sodium valproate
Tiagabine
Topiramate
Vigabatrin
Zonisamide

Focal seizures with secondary generalised tonic clonic seizures:

Carbamazepine
Eslicarbazepine acetate
Lamotrigine
Oxcarbazepine

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Infantile spasms:

Nitrazepam
Sodium valproate
Vigabatrin

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (seizures related to):

Levetiracetam

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (seizures related to):

Lamotrigine
Rufinamide
Topiramate

Myoclonic seizures:

Clonazepam
Ethosuximide
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Primidone
Piracetam
Sodium valproate

Tonic seizures:

Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Primidone
Sodium valproate

Tonic clonic seizures:

Acetazolamide
Carbamazepine
Clobazam
Clonazepam
Eslicarbazepine acetate
Lamotrigine
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Primidone
Sodium valproate
Topiramate

West Syndrome with Tuberous Sclerosis:

Vigabatrin

16. Anaesthetics:

List of Drugs

Local anesthetics

Procaine
Amethocaine
Lidocaine (also known as lignocaine)
Prilocaine
Bupivacaine
Levobupivacaine
Ropivacaine
Mepivacaine
Dibucaine
Cocaine

General anesthetics

Inhaled agents

Desflurane
Enflurane
Halothane
Isoflurane
Methoxyflurane
Nitrous oxide
Sevoflurane
Xenon
Cocaine

Intravenous agents (non-opioid)

Barbiturates
Amobarbital (trade name: Amytal)
Methohexital (trade name: Brevital)
Thiamylal (trade name: Surital)
Thiopental (trade name: Penthothal, referred to as thiopentone in the UK)
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam
Lorazepam
Midazolam
Etomidate
Ketamine
Propofol

17. Non Steroidal Anti inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

List of Drugs

18. Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs

List of Drugs

a) Immunosuppressive Drugs

Methotrexate
Cyclophophamide
Azathioprine
Chlorambucil
Cyclosporine
Mycophenolate mofetil
Leflunamide

b) Gold Compounds

Aurothiomalate
Aurothioglucose
Auranofin

c) Aminoquinolines

Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine alpha

19. AntiGout Drugs

Further Divided Into

Drugs For the treatment of Acute Attack of Gout

Colchicine
NSAIDs

Drugs For the Prevention Of Gout

Uricosuric Drugs ( Probencid, Sulphinopyrazine
Inhibitors of Uric Acid synthesis (allopurinol, Febuxostat

20. Antimigraine Drugs

Drugs For the Treatment OF Acute Attack

1. 5-HT1 Agonists

Sumatriptan
Zolmitriptan
Naratriptan
Rizatriptan

2. Other Drugs

Ergotamine
Dihydroergotamine
NSAIDs
Paracetamol
Opioids

Prophylactic Drugs

Propranolol
Aspirin
Pizotifen
Cyproheptadine
Amitriptyline
Imipramine
Fluoxetine
Sertraline
Methysergide
Flunarizine
Clonidine

21. Antimicrobial Drugs

1. Beta Lactam Antimicrobials

List of Drugs In This class Include

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Monobactams
Carbaphenems

Penicillin

Narrow Spectrum Penicillin

Further Classified into two

a) Penicillinase Sensitive Penicillin

Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicillin)
Penicillin V

b) Penicillinase Resistant Penicillin

Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Flucloxacillin
Methicillin

c) Broad Spectrum Penicillin

This is further divided into two

1. Aminopenicillin

Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Bacampicillin
Talampicillin

2. Antipseudomonal Penicillin

They are further divided into two

1. Carboxypenicillin

Carbencillin
Ticarcillin

2. Ureidopenicillins

Azlocillin
Mezlocillin
Piperacillin

2. Fluoroquinolones ;

(A)First Generation e.g Nalidix acid
(B)Second Generation e.g Ciprofloxacin,Norfloxacin and ofloxacin.
Norfloxacin don’t absorb very well and they are not used most commonly While ciprofloxacin is the most commonly used drug in this class.
(C)Third Generation E.g Levofloxacin
(D)Fourth Generation : Moxifloxacin