Hiccup; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Hiccup

Hiccup (also spelled hiccough) is an involuntary contraction (myoclonic jerk) of the diaphragm that may repeat several times per minute. The hiccup is an involuntary action involving a reflex arc.[rx] Once triggered, the reflex causes a strong contraction of the diaphragm followed about 0.25 second later by closure of the vocal cords, which results in the classic “hic” sound. Hiccups are diaphragmatic muscle contractions … [Read more…]

Liver Cirrhosis; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Liver Cirrhosis

Liver Cirrhosis is defined as the histological development of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous bands in response to chronic liver injury, which leads to portal hypertension and end-stage liver disease. Recent advances in the understanding of the natural history and pathophysiology of cirrhosis, and in the treatment of its complications, have resulted in improved management, … [Read more…]