Adrenal Glands; Defination, Anatomy, Functions, Importance

Adrenal glands

Adrenal glands also known as suprarenal glands are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla. The adrenal cortex itself is divided into three zones: zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis. The adrenal cortex produces three main types of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) produced … [Read more…]

Cervical Spondylosis – Causes, Symptom, Diagnosis, Treatment

Cervical spondylosis

Cervical spondylosis is a generalized disease process affecting all levels of the cervical spine. Cervical spondylosis encompasses a sequence of degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs, osteophytosis of the vertebral bodies, hypertrophy of the facets and laminal arches, and ligamentous and segmental instability. The natural history of cervical spondylosis is associated with the aging process. Senescent and pathologic processes are … [Read more…]

Spinal Disc Herniation; Cause, Symptom, Diagnosis, Treatment

Spinal disc herniation

Lumbar disc herniation is a common condition that frequently affects the spine in young and middle-aged patients.1,5,11 The lumbar intervertebral disc is a complex structure composed of collagen, proteoglycans, and sparse fibrochondrocytic cells that serve to dissipate forces exerted on the spine. As part of the normal aging process, the disc fibrochondrocytes can undergo senescence, and … [Read more…]