Hyoscine hydrobromide or Scopolamine hydrobromide appears as colorless crystals or white powder or solid. Has no odor. pH (of 5% solution): 4-5.5. Slightly efflorescent in dry air. Bitter, acrid taste. Scopolamine Hydrobromide is the hydrobromide salt form of scopolamine, a tropane alkaloid derived from plants of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), specifically Hyoscyamus niger and Atropa belladonna, with anticholinergic, … [Read more…]

Type II collagen is specific for cartilaginous tissues. It is essential for the normal embryonic development of the skeleton, for linear growth, and for the ability of cartilage to resist compressive forces. Type II collagen is a fibrillar protein made up of 3 long chains of amino acids that form a tightly packed network of … [Read more…]

Type II collagen is specific for cartilaginous tissues. It is essential for the normal embryonic development of the skeleton, for linear growth, and for the ability of cartilage to resist compressive forces. Type II collagen is a fibrillar protein made up of 3 long chains of amino acids that form a tightly packed network of … [Read more…]

Tomopenem is a 1-beta-methylcarbapenem antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Tomopenem has a longer half-life than imipenem-cilastatin or meropenem and shows activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Tomopenem is a 1-beta-methylcarbapenem antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Tomopenem has a longer half-life than imipenem-cilastatin or meropenem and shows activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Tomopenem (formerly CS-023) … [Read more…]

Tebipenem Pivoxil is an orally available pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug of tebipenem, a broad-spectrum 1-beta-methylcarbapenem antibiotic with a 1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl) azetidin-3-ylthio group at the C-2 position. After oral administration of tebipenem pivoxil, the ester bond is cleaved, releasing active tebipenem. Tebipenem (brand name Orapenem) is a broad-spectrum orally-administered antibiotic, from the carbapenem subgroup of β-lactam antibiotics. It was developed as a replacement drug to combat bacteria that … [Read more…]

Panipenem is a broad-spectrum parenteral carbapenem with activity against aerobic, anaerobic, gram-positive, and gram-negative organisms including non-fermenters. Panipenem is often co-administered with betamipron to prevent nephrotoxicity. Panipenem/betamipron is a carbapenem antibiotic marketed by Daiichi Sankyo Co. of Japan. It was launched in 1993,[rx] under the brand name Carbenin.[rx] It is a combination in which panipenem is the carbapenem antibiotic and betamipron inhibits renal uptake of panipenem[rx] and so reduces … [Read more…]

Lenapenem is a broad-spectrum, carbapenem antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Lenapenem binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the bacterial cell wall, thereby inhibiting the final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. This inhibition weakens the bacterial cell wall and leads to lytic cell death in a wide range … [Read more…]

Imipenem is a semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to many beta-lactamases. Similar compounds include meropenem, known for having greater activity against Gram-negative bacteria, and the newer ertapenem which exhibits a longer half-life due to increased binding … [Read more…]

Ertapenem is a 1-beta-methyl carbapenem and broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic with the bactericidal property. Ertapenem binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the bacterial cell wall, in particular PBPs 2 and 3, thereby inhibiting the final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. Inhibition results in a weakening and subsequent … [Read more…]

Doripenem is a broad-spectrum, carbapenem antibiotic with bactericidal and beta-lactamase resistant activities. Doripenem binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the bacterial cell wall, particularly PBPs 2 and 3, thereby inhibiting the final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. Inhibition results in a weakening and eventually lysis of … [Read more…]

Biapenem is a 1-beta-methylcarbapenem antibiotic with a wide range of antibacterial activity. Biapenem has a similar antibacterial activity to that of imipenem but is more stable against human renal dehydropeptidase-I and with less neurotoxicity. Biapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively. It has a role as an antibacterial … [Read more…]

Carbapenem is an organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of (5R)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene bearing a 7-keto substituent. The parent of the class of carbapenems. A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. THIENAMYCINS are a subgroup of carbapenems that have a sulfur … [Read more…]