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Type II Collagen – Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions

Type II collagen is specific for cartilaginous tissues. It is essential for the normal embryonic development of the skeleton, for linear growth, and for the ability of cartilage to resist compressive forces. Type II collagen is a fibrillar protein made up of 3 long chains of amino acids that form a tightly packed network of fibrils and fibers. It is the main component of cartilage in the body. It consists of dry weight and collagens. Type II collagen is what gives cartilage its tensile strength and elasticity, thereby enabling it to support the joints. It helps in the binding process with the help of fibronectin and other collagens.

Type II collagen is the basis for articular cartilage and hyaline cartilage, formed by homotrimers of collagen, type II, alpha 1 chains. It makes up 50% of all protein in cartilage and 85–90% of collagen of articular cartilage.

Type II collagen does form fibrils. This fibrillar network of collagen allows cartilage to entrap the proteoglycan aggregate as well as provide tensile strength to the tissue. Oral administration of native type II collagen induces oral tolerance to pathological immune responses and may be useful in arthritis.^[rx]^[rx]

Collagen is a nutritional supplement made from animal or fish materials. It’s rich in amino acids that play an important role in the building of joint cartilage and it may have anti-inflammatory effects. Trials into collagen’s role in treating osteoarthritis give mixed results. Studies into the role of collagen in treating rheumatoid arthritis suggest that it doesn’t have a significant effect in reducing pain and joint inflammation.

OTHER NAME(S)

Chicken Collagen Type II,
Chicken Type II Collagen,
Colágeno de Pollo, Collagen II,
Collagen Type II,
Collagène de Poulet,
Collagène de Type II,
Collagène de Type II de Cartilage de Poulet,
Collagène de Type II Hydrolysé,
Hydrolyzed Chicken Collagen Type II,
Hydrolyzed Collagen Type II, Type II

Types of Collagen

Type I Collagen – Type I collagen is the most prevalent type of collagen in the body. This is the type of collagen you’re probably thinking about if you’re interested in preserving the levels of collagen in your skin, hair or nails.** It is worth noting that, like all types of collagen, levels of type I collagen begin to decline after about age 25. Because it is so prevalent in the connective tissues, we often see the decrease of type I collagen resulting in characteristics such as sagging skin, fine lines, brittle nails, and thinning hair. But type I collagen isn’t just a beauty-related substance. It’s also a major component of the tendons, organs, and bones. This makes it a vital component of any diet or wellness routine — especially if you’re staying active as you age. Collagen Peptides and are primarily composed of type I collagen.
Type II Collagen – Another common type of collagen to find in supplements is type II collagen. Though somewhat less prevalent in the body than type I, type II collagen is extremely important. It is the main component of cartilage and is extremely healthy for the skeletal system. Active people who need to rely on their joints may also benefit from adding type II collagen into their diet. Our Cartilage Collagen is composed of type II collagen.
Type III Collagen – Type III collagen is also found in Vital Proteins’ line of collagen products. The third commonly found type of cartilage, Type III, is generally found in reticular fibers, such as in the bone marrow. It’s usually found alongside Type I collagen in the body. Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides and Marine Collagen are rich in types I and III.

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Mechanism of Action

Undenatured Type II Collagen derived from chicken sternum cartilage using a patented, low-temperature, a non-enzymatic manufacturing process that preserves the natural triple helix molecular configuration and its biological activity. Undenatured collagen II has a unique mechanism of action. Undenatured collagen II molecules contain active binding sites called epitopes which trigger the process of oral tolerization. Through the oral tolerization process, active epitopes of undenatured collagen II interact with Peyer’s patches (lymphoid tissue) of the small intestine to release collagen-specific regulatory T-cells. Collagen-specific regulatory T-cells then migrate to joint areas and prevent the release of T-cells.

Preventing the release of T-cells prevents the secretion of collagenase enzymes by macrophages responsible for the breakdown of collagen in joint cartilage. It also slows the production of inflammatory cytokines resulting in a reduction of inflammation, halting the erosion of joint cartilage, and promote cartilage rebuilding. Undenatured Type II Collagen supports joint function, mobility, and flexibility and also improves knee extension by up to 10% for a better range of motion. It also relieves joint pain due to strenuous exercise.

Indications of Type II Collagen

In osteoarthritis taking collagen type II by mouth for up to 6 months seems to improve self-reported symptoms of osteoarthritis such as stiffness and pain. It might work better than taking a combination of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine. Most research has investigated a specific product called UC-II. But there’s no evidence that collagen type II can prevent joint space narrowing in people with osteoarthritis.
Preserves cartilage area during osteoarthritis development
Stimulates chondrocyte proliferation (increased number) and stimulates proteoglycan synthesis.
Normalizes synovial fluid
Peptan treatment clearly stimulated the expression of aggrecan and type 2 collagen by the joint cells.
al thickness and reduces the production of the inflammatory marker TNF.
Stimulate proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes which in turn helps to promote lubrication within the joint; and protects the cartilage from degradation.
Reduce inflammation in the joints – evidenced by an observable and consistent reduction in the markers associated with inflammation;
Act fast i.e. the benefits were realized in a matter of a few weeks.
Because it is hydrolyzed it can be absorbed by the body
It’s highly bioactive and bioavailable
It can protect cartilages from degeneration from wear and tear
Promotes cartilage lubrication
Reduces inflammation in the synovial fluid
Protection of bones at the joints
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The best evidence suggests that taking collagen type II doesn’t greatly improve symptoms of RA. In fact, using it in place of drugs for RA such as methotrexate might make symptoms worse.
Joint pain. Taking collagen type II may help people with joint pain move their knee better during exercise. It might also help these people exercise for longer before feeling joint pain. But more research is needed to confirm.
Swelling (inflammation) of the eye (uveitis). Early research shows that taking collagen type II doesn’t improve eye symptoms in children with uveitis related to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Pain associated with joint pain after surgery, pain after injury, and back and neck pain.
Joint pain & inflammation
Difficulties in flexibility & mobility
Joint discomfort & stiffness (knee extension)
Impaired joint function
Strenuous exercise & sports

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More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of collagen type II (native) for these uses.

Cartilage is a firm but pliable connective tissue. There are different types of cartilage in the body, each with a specific function. The cartilage found in joints has several functions, such as

connecting bones
allowing the tissue to bear mechanical stress
shock absorption
allowing connected bones to move without friction

Cartilage is made up of chondrocytes which are special cells that create what is known as an ‘extracellular matrix’ comprising proteoglycan, elastin fibers, and type II collagen fibers.

Type II collagen fibers are the main collagenous substance found in cartilage. They play an extremely important role. They form a network of fibrils that help to bond proteoglycan and elastin fibers into a tough, but flexible tissue. The main problem with cartilage is that it’s particularly prone to wear-and-tear. This is partly because it’s ‘avascular’, meaning it doesn’t have a blood supply for the direct delivery of nutrients.

Although the body is able to deliver some nutrients to the cartilage via a process known as ‘diffusion’( i.e. the nutrients diffuse through the surrounding connective tissue), this avascularity means that cartilage injuries heal slower because the body can’t deliver an adequate amount of the nutrients needed for the repair of chondrocyte cells. In some cases, cartilage damage is considered irreversible due to the degradation of type II collagen.

So there is a growing number of people who are looking for natural ways to prolong the life of their cartilages, as well as improve their joint conditions.

Contraindications

Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to chicken or egg.

Dosage of Type II Collagen

Collagen type II is POSSIBLY SAFE – when taken by mouth in doses up to 2.5 mg daily for up to 24 weeks. It’s not clear what the side effects might be. Other collagen products, such as bovine collagen and gelatin, have caused allergic reactions. Since collagen type II contains chondroitin and glucosamine, large doses might lead to the same side effects as those seen with chondroitin and glucosamine supplements.
Hydrolyzed collagen – is taken in doses of around 10g a day for skin health and some benefits to joints, and can be taken with meals. It should not be taken in higher doses as a protein supplement (for muscle gain and fat loss) due to having less efficacy than other protein sources and a lackluster amino acid profile.
Undenatured collagen – is taken at a lower dose of approximately 40mg once daily for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis when there is an autoimmune component to it, and while it doesn’t need to be taken at any particular time of the day it may be ideal to take it on an empty stomach before breakfast.

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Side Effects of Type II Collagen

Undenatured Type II Collagen is generally well-tolerated in the recommended dose. Over-dose may cause constipation and headache.

Pregnancy Category

Pregnancy and breast-feeding – There isn’t enough reliable information to know if collagen type II is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Collagen allergies –People who are allergic to other types of collagen should not use collagen type II. Other collagen products have been associated with allergic reactions.

What’s the difference between type II and type I collagen?

On the surface they appear to be the same, each being a triple helix i.e. made up of three long chains of amino acids. However, at a molecular level, there is an important difference.

Type I collagen – Two of the three chains are identical. Type I Collagen is found mainly in bones and skin.
Type II collagen – All three chains are identical. Whereas type II collagen is only found in cartilage.

References