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Immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies are glycoproteins that are produced by plasma cells. B cells are instructed by specific immunogens, for, example, bacterial proteins, to differentiate into plasma cells, which are protein-making cells that participate in humoral immune responses against bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cellular antigens, chemicals, and synthetic substances. The immunogen or antigen reacts with

The Immune response is the body’s ability to stay safe by affording protection against harmful agents and involves lines of defense against most microbes as well as a specialized and highly specific response to a particular offender. This immune response classifies as either innate which is non-specific and adaptive acquired which is highly specific. The

Adaptive immunity has evolved to provide a broader and more finely tuned repertoire of recognition for both self-and nonself-antigens. Adaptive immunity involves a tightly regulated interplay between antigen-presenting cells and T and B lymphocytes, which facilitate pathogen-specific immunologic effector pathways, generation of immunologic memory, and regulation of host immune homeostasis. Lymphocytes develop and are activated

Innate Immunity/ The innate immune system is essentially made up of barriers that aim to keep viruses, bacteria, parasites, and other foreign particles out of your body or limit their ability to spread and move throughout the body. The innate immune response is the first mechanism for host defense found in all multicellular organisms. The innate

Lymphoid Organs/The organs of the body which comprise the immune system and/or contribute to immune function include the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, a network of lymphoid tissue along secretory surfaces (i.e., the so-called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT), and the skin. Lymphoid organs can be classified in two ways. The first classification is based on the

Lymph Cells and Tissues/A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the immune system. Lymphocytes develop from lymphoblasts (differentiated blood stem cells) within lymphoid tissue in organs such as the thymus. Lymphocytes are vital for normal immune system function. Lymphoid Cells A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system. Key Points

Lymphatic vessels contain valves that prevent the backflow of transported lymph. The lymphatic vessels are so thin that the mere presence of valves gives the lymphatic channels a beaded appearance. Lymph flow from the peritoneum navigates through the thoracic duct to the intrathoracic lymph nodes.[rx] This extracellular fluid then returns to the bloodstream.[rx] Lymph is usually colorless,

The lymphatic system is a network of tissues, vessels and organs that work together to move a colorless, watery fluid called lymph back into your circulatory system (your bloodstream). Some 20 liters of plasma flow through your body’s arteries and smaller arteriole blood vessels and capillaries every day. The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid

What are Circulatory Pathways/The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. The passage of lymph takes much longer than that of blood. Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues.

Circulatory Routes /The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. The passage of lymph takes much longer than that of blood. Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues. Lymph is

Circulatory shock is characterized by the inability of multiorgan blood flow and oxygen delivery to meet metabolic demands. Cardiogenic shock is a type of circulatory shock resulting from severe impairment of ventricular pump function rather than from abnormalities of the vascular system or blood volume. Shock is the state of insufficient blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems

Capillary exchange refers to the exchange of material from the blood into the tissues in the capillary. … Hydrostatic pressure is a force generated by the pressure of the fluid on the capillary walls either by the blood plasma or interstitial fluid. Capillary exchange includes all exchanges that happen at the microcirculatory or capillary level. When capillaries penetrate the tissues, they