Mindblown: a blog about philosophy.
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Female Reproductive System – Anatomy, Organ, Functions
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in the reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes and to carry a fetus to full term. The internal sex organs are the uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which…
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Male Sexual Response Cycle – Anatomy, Structure, Functions
The Male sexual response cycle is a four-stage model of physiological responses to sexual stimulation, which, in order of their occurrence, are the excitement, plateau, orgasmic, and resolution phases. This physiological response model was first formulated by William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson, in their 1966 book Human Sexual Response.[rx][rx] Since that time, other models regarding human sexual response have been formulated by several scholars…
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Male Reproductive System – Anatomy, Mechanism, Functions
The male reproductive system consists of the internal structures: the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and the external structures: the scrotum and penis. These structures are well-vascularized with many glands and ducts to promote the formation, storage, and ejaculation of sperm for fertilization, and to produce important androgens for male development.[rx] The major male androgen is…
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Meiosis – Anatomy, Structure, Functions
Meiosis is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually reproducing organisms used to produce the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid). Additionally, prior to the division, genetic material from the paternal and maternal copies of each chromosome is crossed over, creating…
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Reproductive System – Anatomy, Structure, Functions
The reproductive system in females is responsible for producing gametes (called eggs or ova), certain sex hormones, and maintaining fertilized eggs as they develop into mature fetuses and become ready for delivery. A female’s reproductive years are between menarche (the first menstrual cycle) and menopause (cessation of menses for 12 consecutive months). During this period,…
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Hypocarbia – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
Hypocarbia, also known as hypocapnia, is a decrease in alveolar and blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels below the normal reference range of 35 mmHg. CO2 is a metabolic product of the many cellular processes within the body involved in the processing of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. The primary organ systems responsible for regulating CO2 homeostasis…
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Blood Gas Analysis – Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
Blood gas analysis is a commonly used diagnostic tool to evaluate the partial pressures of gas in blood and acid-base content. Understanding and use of blood gas analysis enable providers to interpret respiratory, circulatory, and metabolic disorders. [rx] A “blood gas analysis” can be performed on blood obtained from anywhere in the circulatory system (artery, vein,…
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Respiratory Acidosis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
Respiratory acidosis typically occurs due to failure of ventilation and accumulation of carbon dioxide. The primary disturbance is an elevated arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and a decreased ratio of arterial bicarbonate to arterial pCO2, which results in a decrease in the pH of the blood. This activity reviews the presentation, evaluation, and…
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Alkalosis – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
Alkalosis is excessive blood alkalinity caused by an overabundance of bicarbonate in the blood or a loss of acid from the blood (metabolic alkalosis), or by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood that results from rapid or deep breathing (respiratory alkalosis). Alkalosis is excessive blood alkalinity caused by an overabundance of bicarbonate…
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Acid-Base Disorders – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
Acid-base disorders are disturbances in the homeostasis of hydrogen ion concentration in the plasma. Any process that increases the serum hydrogen ion concentration is an acidotic process. The term acidemia is used to describe serum that is abnormally acidic, and this can be due to respiratory acidosis, which involves changes in carbon dioxide, or metabolic…
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Acid-Base Balance – Anatomy, Mechanism, Functions
Acid-base balance is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body’s extracellular fluid (ECF).[1] The proper balance between the acids and bases (i.e. the pH) in the ECF is crucial for the normal physiology of the body—and for cellular metabolism.[1] The pH of the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid need to be maintained at a constant level. The body’s balance between acidity and alkalinity is referred to as acid-base balance. The blood’s acid-base balance…
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How Much Water Content in the Body
How Much Water Content in the Body/The fluids of the various tissues of the human body are divided into fluid compartments. Fluid compartments are generally used to compare the position and characteristics of fluid in relation to the fluid within other compartments. While fluid compartments may share some characteristics with the divisions defined by the…
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