Inflamation of Brain; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Inflammation of brain

Inflammation of the brain is an inflammation of the nervous tissue. It may be initiated in response to a variety of cues, including infection, traumatic brain injury, toxic metabolites, or autoimmunity. In the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, microglia are the resident innate immune cells that are activated in response to these cues. The CNS is typically an immunologically privileged site because peripheral … [Read more…]

Tardive Dyskinesia; Types, FDA Approved Medications

Tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia is a syndrome which includes a group of iatrogenic movement disorders caused due to a blockade of dopamine receptors. The movement disorders include akathisia, dystonia, buccolingual stereotypy, myoclonus, chorea, tics and other abnormal involuntary movements which are commonly caused by the long-term use of typical antipsychotics. However, several other medications are also associated … [Read more…]

Proton Pump Inhabitors (PPIs); Types, Uses, Linked to Anemia

Proton Pump Inhabitors

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of stomach acid production. Within the class of medications, there is no clear evidence that one agent works better than another. They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available. This group of drugs followed and largely superseded another group of medications with similar … [Read more…]

Platelet Rich Plasma; Indications/Uses, Procedure, Treatment

Platelet Rich Plasma

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a concentrate of platelet-rich plasma protein derived from whole blood, centrifuged to remove red blood cells. It has a greater concentration of growth factors than whole blood and has been used to encourage a brisk healing response across several specialties, in particular, plastic surgery, dentistry, orthopedics, and dermatology. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is becoming more popular as a nonoperative treatment option for a broad spectrum of … [Read more…]

Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

Irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a group of symptoms including abdominal pain and changes in the pattern of bowel movements without any evidence of underlying damage. These symptoms occur over a long time, often years. It has been classified into four main types depending on whether diarrhea is common, constipation is common, both are common, or neither occurs very often (IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M, or IBS-U … [Read more…]

Sex Hormone Steroids; Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

Sex hormon steroids

Sex hormone steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. Their effects are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through membrane-associated receptors and signaling cascades. The term sex hormone is nearly always synonymous with sex steroid. The non-steroid … [Read more…]

Magnesium Deficiency; What is Magnesium Deficiency Syndrome?

Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium deficiency or hypomagnesia (not to be confused with hypomagnesemia) refers to inadequate intake of dietary magnesium or impaired absorption of magnesium, which can result in numerous symptoms and diseases. It is generally corrected by an increase of magnesium in diet, oral supplements, and in severe cases, intravenous supplementation. ‘Normal’ serum magnesium levels 0.75–0.95 mmol/L[rx] A serum magnesium <0.82 mmol/L (2.0 mg/dL) with a … [Read more…]

Ankle Sprain; Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Ankle sprain

Ankle sprain also known as a twisted ankle or rolled ankle, is a common injury where sprain occurs on one or more ligaments of the ankle. A sprained ankle is an injury that occurs when you roll, twist or turn your ankle in an awkward way. This can stretch or tear the tough bands of tissue (ligaments) that help hold your ankle bones … [Read more…]

Myocardial Infarction; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction also called a heart attack happens when a blood vessel in the heart suddenly becomes blocked. Blood vessels carry blood and oxygen. When a blood vessel in the heart gets blocked, blood cannot get to the part of the heart. This part of the heart does not get enough oxygen. This is called ischemia. … [Read more…]

Muscle Cramp – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Muscle cramp

A muscle cramp is a sudden and involuntary contraction of one or more of your muscles. If you’ve ever been awakened in the night or stopped in your tracks by a sudden charley horse, you know that muscle cramps can cause severe pain. Muscle cramps are a common problem characterized by a sudden, painful, involuntary contraction … [Read more…]

Insomnia; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Insomnia

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can make it hard to fall asleep, hard to stay asleep or cause you to wake up too early and not be able to get back to sleep. You may still feel tired when you wake up. Insomnia can sap not only your energy level and mood but … [Read more…]