Category: Health A – Z

Pelvic Floor Dysfunction (PFD) refers to a broad constellation of symptoms and anatomic changes related to abnormal function of the pelvic floor musculature. The disordered function corresponds to either increase activity (hypertonicity) or diminished activity (hypotonicity) or inappropriate coordination of the pelvic floor muscles. Alterations regarding the support of pelvic organs are included in the…

Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of pelvic structures into the vagina due to ligament or muscular weakness. Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is subcategorized according to the compartment of descent. Cystocele characterizes anterior wall herniation, rectocele refers to the posterior vaginal wall descent, and vaginal vault prolapse characterizes descent of the uterus, cervix, or apex…

Rectovaginal fistula (RVF) is defined as an epithelium-lined abnormal communication between rectum and vagina. It is reported to represent approximately 5% of all anorectal fistulas [rx]. For affected women, the passing of air and secretions or stool from the rectum through the vagina represents a psychosocial burden that, of course, increases with the diameter of…

Vesicovaginal fistula is an anomalous communication between the bladder and vagina, resulting in continuous urine leakage through the vagina. This condition occurs most commonly after obstetrical and gynecological injury. In the developed world, the most common cause of vesicovaginal fistula is gynecological surgery. In North America, bladder injury during a hysterectomy is the most common…

Cervicitis is inflammation of the uterine cervix. Cervicitis in women has many features in common with urethritis in men and many cases are caused by sexually transmitted infections. Non-infectious causes of cervicitis can include intrauterine devices, contraceptive diaphragms, and allergic reactions to spermicides or latex condoms. Cervicitis affects over half of all women during their adult life.[rx] Vaginitis and cervicitis are undoubtedly linked in many instances, to some degree. When considering…

What Is Postoperative Fever?/Postoperative Fever is defined as a temperature higher than 38 C (or greater than 100.4 F) on two consecutive postoperative days or higher than 39 C (or greater than 102.2 F) on any postoperative day. Knowledge of differential diagnosis, as well as a systematic approach, proves useful in narrowing down the differential…

Postoperative Fever is defined as a temperature higher than 38 C (or greater than 100.4 F) on two consecutive postoperative days or higher than 39 C (or greater than 102.2 F) on any postoperative day. Knowledge of differential diagnosis, as well as a systematic approach, proves useful in narrowing down the differential diagnosis and instituting…

Miscarriage is two or more consecutive pregnancy losses. In contrast, infertility is the inability to conceive. In many cases the cause of RPL is unknown. After three or more losses, a thorough evaluation is recommended by the American Society of Reproductive Medicine.[rx] About 1% of couples trying to have children are affected by recurrent miscarriage.[rx][rx] Recurrent miscarriage is the…

BONE AND JOINT TUMORS The classification of bone tumors, as well as positive diagnosis, is difficult. The origin of these tumors may be different, from the bone skeleton, from the possibility of appearance in connective tissues, whose plasticity is well known. Thus, tumors may originate from the connective tissue proper, from blood vessels, cartilage and…

Intermenstrual Bleeding/Metrorrhagia is uterine bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between the expected menstrual periods. Metrorrhagia may be a sign of an underlying disorder, such as hormone imbalance, endometriosis, uterine fibroids or, less commonly, cancer of the uterus. Metrorrhagia may cause significant anemia. Intermenstrual bleeding, previously known as metrorrhagia, is uterine bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between the expected menstrual periods. It is a cause of vaginal bleeding.…

Causes Symptoms of Oligomenorrhea/Oligomenorrhea also spelled oligomenorrhoea means the prolonged intervals between menstrual cycles. Menstruation is the normal cyclic bleeding from the female reproductive tract. Most women of reproductive age menstruate every 25 to 30 days if they are not pregnant, nursing a child, or experiencing other disorders such as tumors, anorexia nervosa, or Stein-Leventhal syndrome (polycystic ovary syndrome). However, in oligomenorrhea,…

Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses for 12 months resulting from estrogen deficiency and is not associated with a pathology. The median age of menopause is 51. Most women experience vasomotor symptoms, but menopause affects many other areas of the body such as urogenital, psychogenic, and cardiovascular. This article will review hormonal and non-hormonal treatments, as well…