Fibromyalgia is a common condition characterized by abnormal central nervous system sensitivity to external stimuli. It affects between 2 and 8% of the total population, with a strong female predominance. The most recognizable clinical feature associated with fibromyalgia is widespread pain and tenderness throughout multiple regions of the body, in the absence of pathology at … [Read more…]
Rabeprazole is an alpha-pyridyl methyl sulfinyl benzimidazole and a selective and irreversible proton pump inhibitor with the antisecretory property. Rabeprazole enters the parietal cell and accumulates in the acidic secretory canaliculi where the agent is activated by a proton-catalyzed process that results in the formation of a thiophilic sulfonamide or sulfenic acid. The activated rabeprazole forms covalent bonds with … [Read more…]
Ranitidine is a member of the class of histamine H2-receptor antagonists with antacid activity. Ranitidine is a competitive and reversible inhibitor of the action of histamine, released by enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, at the histamine H2-receptors on parietal cells in the stomach, thereby inhibiting the normal and meal-stimulated secretion of stomach acid. In addition, other substances that promote acid secretion have a reduced effect … [Read more…]
Dexlansoprazole is the R-isomer of lansoprazole and a substituted benzimidazole prodrug with selective and irreversible proton pump inhibitor activity. As a weak base, dexlansoprazole accumulates in the acidic environment of the secretory canaliculus of the gastric parietal cell where it is converted to an active sulfenamide form that binds to cysteine sulfhydryl groups on the luminal aspect of the proton pump hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase … [Read more…]
Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole, with gastric proton pump inhibitor activity. In the acidic compartment of parietal cells, esomeprazole is protonated and converted into the active achiral sulfenamide; the active sulfenamide forms one or more covalent disulfide bonds with the proton pump hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+/K+ ATPase), thereby inhibiting its activity and the parietal cell secretion of H+ ions into … [Read more…]
Pantoprazole is a substituted benzimidazole and proton pump inhibitor with antacid activity. Pantoprazole is a lipophilic weak base that crosses the parietal cell membrane and enters the acidic parietal cell canaliculus where it becomes protonated, producing the active metabolite sulphenamide, which forms an irreversible covalent bond with two sites of the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme located on the gastric parietal … [Read more…]
Omeprazole is proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and potent inhibitor of gastric acidity which are widely used in the therapy of gastroesophageal reflux and peptic ulcer disease. Omeprazole therapy is both associated with a low rate of transient and asymptomatic serum aminotransferase elevations and is rare causes of clinically apparent liver injury. Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole, with gastric … [Read more…]
Aspirin is the prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. Aspirin is a … [Read more…]
Tenoxicam an anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties is used to treat osteoarthritis and control acute pain. Tenoxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is available as a prescription-only drug in the United Kingdom and other countries, but not in the US. Outside the United Kingdom, tenoxicam is also marketed under brand names including Tilatil, Tilcitin, and Alganex. Tenoxicam belongs to the … [Read more…]
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. Ibuprofen is a propionic acid derivate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Ibuprofen inhibits the activity of cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This leads to decreased prostaglandin … [Read more…]
Tapentadol is an Opioid Agonist. The mechanism of action of tapentadol is as an Opioid Agonist. Opioid analgesic for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Tapentadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic of the benzenoid class with a dual mode of action as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor and as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI). Analgesia occurs within 32 minutes of oral administration and lasts for 4–6 … [Read more…]
Tramadol is a synthetic codeine analog, tramadol has central analgesic properties with effects similar to opioids, such as morphine and codeine, acting on specific opioid receptors. Used as a narcotic analgesic for severe pain, it can be addictive and weakly inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. Tramadol is an opioid analgesic used for the therapy of mild-to-moderate pain. Tramadol overdose can cause acute liver failure. Pharmacologic use of tramadol has not been … [Read more…]