Pharmacology is the study of how medicinal substances interact with living systems. Pharmacology is The study of drugs, their nature, their sources, and their properties, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, elimination, interactions, toxicology and their therapeutic applications. Pharmacology is the study of the body’s reaction to drugs. or Pharmacology is a study of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of … [Read more…]
Salicylic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has a role as an anti-infective agent, an antifungal agent, a keratolytic drug, an EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite, and … [Read more…]
Ezetimibe is an azetidine derivative and a cholesterol absorption inhibitor with lipid-lowering activity. Ezetimibe appears to interact physically with cholesterol transporters at the brush border of the small intestine and inhibits the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and related phytosterols. As a result, ezetimibe causes a decrease in the level of blood cholesterol or an increase in the clearance of cholesterol from the bloodstream. Overall, the following … [Read more…]
Anticoagulants Drugs/Anticoagulants are medicines that help prevent blood clots. They’re given to people at a high risk of getting clots, to reduce their chances of developing serious conditions such as strokes and heart attacks. A blood clot is a seal created by the blood to stop bleeding from wounds. Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are chemical substances that … [Read more…]
Anticoagulants are medicines that help prevent blood clots. They’re given to people at a high risk of getting clots, to reduce their chances of developing serious conditions such as strokes and heart attacks. A blood clot is a seal created by the blood to stop bleeding from wounds. Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent … [Read more…]
The pituitary hormones are special chemical messengers that are produced by the pituitary gland, also known as “the master gland of the body.” The hormones are peptides or glycoproteins in nature and play a vital role in regulating the functions of other endocrine glands. The anterior pituitary hormones are produced by five different endocrine cell … [Read more…]
Autonomic Pharmacology/The basis of autonomic pharmacology reflects the physiology of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) to regulate involuntary reactions to stresses on multiorgan systems within the body. When a pathologic process is present that affects the homeostasis achieved between the SNS and PSNS in this process, either of these … [Read more…]
Levetiracetam is a pyrrolidine with antiepileptic activity. The exact mechanism through which levetiracetam exerts its effects is unknown but does not involve inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter activity. Stereoselective binding of levetiracetam was confined to synaptic plasma membranes in the central nervous system with no binding occurring in peripheral tissue. Levetiracetam inhibits burst firing without affecting normal … [Read more…]
Lamotrigine is a synthetic phenyltriazine with antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Lamotrigine enhances the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which may result in a reduction of pain-related transmission of signals along nerve fibers. This agent may also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, suppress glutamate release, and inhibit serotonin reuptake. (NCI04) Lamotrigine can be used to treat the following partial seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, … [Read more…]
Dorzolamide is an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, a zinc-containing enzyme that catalyzes the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. Distributed throughout many cells and tissues, various carbonic anhydrases play important roles in mineral and metabolic homeostasis. (NCI04) Dorzolamide is 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl … [Read more…]
Diclofenamide is a sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-sulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma. It has a role as an EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic … [Read more…]
Ethoxzolamide is a sulfonamide and carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor with diuretic and anti-glaucoma activity. In the eye, ethoxzolamide inhibits CA, thereby decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor. This may relieve intraocular pressure. Also, this agent prevents reabsorption of bicarbonate and sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule thereby producing a mild diuresis. Ethoxzolamide is a sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which … [Read more…]