Mindblown: a blog about philosophy.

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is a bone disease that happens when very high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from hyperparathyroidism make your body remove too much calcium from the bones. Over time, the bone becomes thin, soft, full of tiny holes, and can form “brown tumors” (non-cancerous bone lesions). This makes bones painful, weak, and more…

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) is a rare inherited disorder where a person looks like they have pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) but their blood tests for calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are normal and their body responds normally to PTH. Orpha+1 In simple words, the body “looks” as if it has a hormone problem, but the hormone system actually…

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (often shortened to PHP) is a rare genetic hormone problem where the body does not respond properly to parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH normally keeps blood calcium and phosphate levels in balance. In PHP, the kidneys and other tissues “ignore” PTH, so blood calcium becomes low and phosphate becomes high, even though PTH levels are…

A colloid nodule is a benign (non-cancerous) lump in the thyroid gland that is filled with thick, jelly-like material called colloid. The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck that makes thyroid hormones, which control energy use and metabolism. In colloid nodules, the thyroid follicles (tiny sacs that store hormone…

A thyroid nodule is a small lump or growth inside the thyroid gland, which sits in the front of the neck. It is a “discrete” area of tissue that looks different from the rest of the thyroid on scan or ultrasound. Most thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous), but a small number can be cancer. Because…

Toxic multinodular goiter is a thyroid disease where the thyroid gland is enlarged and full of many small lumps (nodules), and several of these nodules make too much thyroid hormone by themselves. They work “independently,” so they do not listen to the normal control signal (TSH) from the brain. This extra hormone in the blood…

Toxic nodular goiter is a thyroid disease where one or more lumps (nodules) in the thyroid gland make too much thyroid hormone by themselves, without listening to the body’s normal control signals. This extra hormone causes hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), while the rest of the gland may be normal or even underactive. Medscape eMedicine+1 Toxic nodular…

Endemic goitre is a long-term swelling of the thyroid gland that happens in many people who live in the same area, usually because their diet does not contain enough iodine for many years. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck. It needs iodine to make thyroid hormones. When iodine…

Boston’s sign is a special eye sign seen in people with thyroid eye disease, most often in Graves’ disease. It means that when the person looks down, the upper eyelid comes down in a jerky, uneven, spasmodic way instead of moving smoothly.Moran CORE+2Ento Key+2 Boston’s sign is a movement problem of the upper eyelid. When…

Abadie’s sign of exophthalmic goiter is a special eye sign seen in people with Graves’ disease, which is a form of exophthalmic goiter (autoimmune hyperthyroidism). In this sign, the upper eyelid muscle (called the levator palpebrae superioris) goes into a small spasm and pulls the upper lid higher than normal. Because the lid is pulled…