Category Archive Anatomy A – Z

Exercise of Deltoid Muscle Strain, Treatment/Deltoid Muscle Strain is the large muscle on the shoulder and has three parts: the anterior, posterior and the middle. The muscle performs the role of lifting the arm up sideways. The front part helps to lift the arm up forward, which is called shoulder flexion. The back part helps to lift the arm up backward, which is called shoulder extension.

Anatomy of Deltoid Muscle Strain

The grades of deltoid strain are described below

Grade 1

• Tightness in the muscles.
• Mild pain in the deltoid
• The general function is not a problem.
• Increase in pain when weight-bearing with the arms.

Grade 2

• Occasional twinges of pain during activity.
• You may notice swelling.
• Pressing into the deltoid itself can cause pain.
• Lifting your arm up to the front, side or back against resistance can cause pain.

Grade 3

• Unable to move your arm.
• Severe pain.
• Swelling.
• Contracting the muscle is painful and there may be a bulge or gap in the muscle.

Or

When the deltoid muscle is injured, a person may feel pain or tenderness at the front, side, or back of the shoulder, especially when lifting the arm. In some cases, the deltoid muscle may be torn and cause swelling and bruising.

Strains are given a grade of 1–3, according to their severity:

• Grade 1 – These mild strains are characterized by tightness in the muscle and minimal swelling. Using the arm may produce slight pain, but the range of movement is often not restricted.
• Grade 2 – Increased pain, swelling, and limited movement are typically present with a grade 2 strain. In many cases, doing push-ups, presses, or lifting the arm in any direction can cause pain.
• Grade 3 – These serious injuries can cause severe pain, swelling, and a muscle bulge or gap. Due to the pain, the movement of the arm may be severely limited or impossible.

Diagnosing shoulder pain

Health practitioners who treat shoulder pain are trained to investigate and identify the exact cause of the condition or injury causing the pain. They will do this by:

• asking about your shoulder pain, including potential causes (e.g. recent injuries, other health conditions), if you have had shoulder pain before, things that make your pain worse, things that make it better
• conducting a thorough physical exam.
• From this information, they can work out the likelihood of particular structures in the shoulder being involved. Sometimes they will suggest that investigations or tests may be needed.

X-ray -m X-rays provide images of your bones and joints. They can show any changes caused by arthritis in the shoulder joint (e.g. bone spurs, narrowed joint space) or fractures. However, x-rays don’t show any changes or problems with your soft tissues (e.g. muscles, tendons).

Ultrasound – Ultrasounds are typically used to investigate your rotator cuff tendon for inflammation, tears or rupture. While it can be a helpful tool to use and can provide clues to identify the source of your pain, a diagnosis can’t be made using the ultrasound alone. If an ultrasound is ordered, then an x-ray should also be arranged. Both tests will provide more complete information about the state of your joints and the tendon.

CT and MRI – Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are usually not the first test used to investigate shoulder pain. They may be used when a fracture is suspected or an accident is involved. These scans will help determine the extent of the injury and whether further assessment and treatment by a surgeon is needed.

Treatment of Deltoid Muscle Strain

Non-Pharmacological 

• Rest – Rest, ice and heat are the initial steps to take to rehabilitate your deltoid muscles. Resting allows the muscle strain to heal, while ice reduces the inflammation and dulls your pain. Apply ice on a 15-minute on, 15-minute off schedule for the first day for grade 1 strains. Grade 1 strains are injuries that feel tight but do not produce pain or visible swelling of the shoulder area. Continue icing for several days for grade 2 and 3 strains. Strains of this severity will cause pain and hamper your mobility. Introduce heat to the shoulder muscles after the first 24 hours with a grade 1 injury and after 3 to 5 days for injuries classified as grades 2 or 3.
• Stretching and Strengthening – Stretching and strengthening your deltoids can help you recover from an injury and prevent future strains. Stretching can begin as soon as you are pain-free, and include the barbell stretch. Stand with your arms at your sides. Bring your arms up to shoulder height, keeping your elbows straight and arms out in front of you. Wrap one end of a resistance band around your left foot and hold the other end in your right hand to strengthen a right-hand deltoid injury reverse the directions to strengthen your left deltoid. Start with your right hand down at your side with your elbow straight. Keeping your elbow straight, pull against the band as you extend your arm up and out from your body. Picture yourself imitating an airplane with your arm outstretched at your side. Your hand should be shoulder level. Slowly bring your arm back down to your side.
• Massage – Sports massage may be a part of your rehab program. A sports massage, administered by a certified professional, keeps your muscles loose and limber and warms the injured tissues. Grade 1 deltoid injuries may be massaged after the first two days of rest and icing; more severe strains or tears may require up to a week’s healing time before the massage is possible.
• Ultrasound – Grade 3 deltoid injuries can benefit from more advanced rehab techniques, including ultrasound and electrical stimulation. These types of treatments must be performed by certified professionals and may include your athletic trainer or physical therapist. Ultrasound treatments send sound waves into the deltoid muscle; electrical stimulation provides the injured tissues a low-grade electrical current. Both of these treatments can reduce pain and inflammation.

Medication

In Severe Condition of the deltoid  Muscle Injury

• Antibiotic – Cefuroxime or Azithromycin, or  Flucloxacillin or any other cephalosporin/quinolone antibiotic must be used to prevent infection or clotted blood remove to prevent furthers swelling and edema. Antibiotics and tetanus vaccination may be used if the bone breaks through the skin creating immunization.
• NSAIDs – Prescription-strength drugs that reduce both pain and inflammation. Pain medicines and anti-inflammatory drugs help to relieve pain and stiffness, allowing for increased mobility and exercise. There are many common over-the-counter medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They include and Ketorolac, Aceclofenac, Naproxen, Etoricoxib.
• Corticosteroids – Also known as oral steroids, these medications reduce inflammation.
• Cortisone injections – First-line nonoperative management also includes the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) medications in conjunction with PT modalities to rapidly reduce pain.
• Muscle Relaxants –  These medications provide relief from associated muscle spasms or injury
• Neuropathic Agents – Drugs(pregabalin & gabapentin) that address neuropathic—or nerve-related—pain. This includes burning, numbness, and tingling.
• Opioids – Also known as narcotics, these medications are intense pain relievers that should only be used under a doctor’s careful supervision.
• Topical Medications – These prescription-strength creams, gels, ointments, patches, and sprays help relieve pain and inflammation through the skin.
• Calcium & vitamin D3 – To improve bone health and healing fracture. As a general rule, men and women age 50 and older should consume 1,200 milligrams of calcium a day, and 600 international units of vitamin D a day.
• Glucosamine & Diacerein, Chondroitin sulfate – can be used to tightening the loose tendon, cartilage, ligament, and cartilage, ligament regenerates cartilage or inhabits the further degeneration of cartilage, ligament.
• Dietary supplement -to remove general weakness & healing and improved health.
• Antidepressants – A drug that blocks pain messages from your brain and boosts the effects of endorphins (your body’s natural painkillers).
• Menthol – provides deep penetrating pain relief with a nice cooling sensation
• Vitamin B1, B6, B12– promotes normal nerve function
• Vitamin E – anti-inflammatory, enhances circulation, hydrates the skin
• Aloe vera – anti-inflammatory properties, soothes the skin
• Tea Tree – enhances the penetration of ingredients
• MSM – supports healthy connective tissues, anti-inflammatory
• Ilex Leaf Extract – increases circulation, skin conditioner
• Botulinum toxin injections – to her trapezius muscles, which considerably reduced pain and spasm. This clinical improvement lasted 3 months. Ongoing injections as required are planned.

Exercises

• Supine active-assisted – Lie down flat on your back, with a pillow supporting your head.
  Bend your elbow as far as possible. Then raise your arm to 90 degrees vertical, using the stronger arm to assist if necessary. Once you have got to 90 degrees, you can straighten your elbow. Hold your arm in this upright position with its own strength.
• Circles – Slowly with your fingers, wrist and elbow straight move the arm in small circular movements clockwise and counterclockwise. Gradually increase the circle as comfortable (this may take a few weeks to increase to bigger and bigger circles).
• Progress to lightweight – As you get more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement, a lightweight e.g. a tin of beans or small paperweight should be held in the affected hand.
• Progress to Sitting and Standing – Having more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement gradually goes from lying down to sitting and eventually standing. At this stage, you may recline the head of your bed or put some pillows underneath your back to recline your position. Repeat the same exercise again, this time against some gravity. Start again from holding your arm in the upright position with its own strength. Start first without any weights and progress to use the same lightweight you used before in the lying down position.
• Resisted Exercise – For re-education of concentric contracture of the deltoid muscle. Make a fist with the hand of the affected side. The flat hand of the opposite side is providing resistance. Push your affected side hand against resistance from the other hand. Whilst doing this, you will notice that you can fully elevate your arm (above your head). Repeat these exercises in order to ‘learn’ and re-educate your Deltoid muscle to perform this ‘concentric contracture’ even without pushing against your other arm.

Exercises

Supine active-assisted

• Lie down flat on your back, with a pillow supporting your head.
• Bend your elbow as far as possible. Then raise your arm to 90 degrees vertical, using the stronger arm to assist if necessary.  Once you have got to 90 degrees, you can straighten your elbow.

• Hold your arm in this upright position with its own strength.
  • Circles: Slowly with your fingers, wrist and elbow straight move the arm in small circular movements clockwise and counterclockwise. Gradually increase the circle as comfortable (this may take a few weeks to increase to bigger and bigger circles).

• • Secondly move the arm forwards and backwards in line with the outside leg (gentle movement from both sides of the arm upright position.)
• Keep the movements smooth and continuous for 5 minutes or until fatigue.
• As you get more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement, gradually increase the range of movement until your arm will move from the side of your thigh to above your head, touching the bed, and return.

Progress to lightweight:

• As you get more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement, a lightweight e.g. a tin of beans or small paperweight should be held in the affected hand.
• Repeat as above (5 and 6).

Progress to sitting and standing:

• Having more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement gradually go from lying down to sitting and eventually standing.
• At this stage you may recline the head of your bed or put some pillows underneath your back to recline your position.
• Repeat the same exercise again, this time against some gravity.
• Start again from holding your arm in the upright position with its own strength.
• Repeat as above (5, 6 and 7).
• Start first without any weights and progress to use the same lightweight you used before in the lying down position.

Resisted exercise:

• For re-education of concentric contracture of the deltoid muscle.
• Make a fist with the hand of the affected side.  The flat hand of the opposite side is providing resistance.  Push your affected side hand against resistance from the other hand.  Whilst doing this, you will notice that you can fully elevate your arm (above your head).
• Repeat these exercises in order to ‘learn’ and re-educate your Deltoid muscle to perform this ‘concentric contracture’ even without pushing against your other arm.

• You should repeat these exercises X 10 in a session, 3 to 5 sessions per day.
• Stop exercising if your pain increases or you feel unwell.
• You should expect to see some improvement by 6 and 12 weeks.

Surgical Considerations

The deltoid is a significant factor when considering the anterior surgical approach to gain access to the shoulder joint.  Some of these technical procedures include, but are not limited to the following:

• Open Bankart repair/capsular reconstructions – indicated in the setting of recurrent anterior (or other directional) instability of the shoulder
• Shoulder arthroplasty – indicated for cases of post-traumatic deformity, advanced degenerative arthritis, and/or avascular necros includes hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)
• The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) repair-  versus tenotomy versus tenodesis procedures indicated in the setting of either LHBT/bicipital groove instability or advanced/end-stage LHBT tendinopathy and degeneration[rx][rx]
• Rotator cuff repair – contemporary indications remain somewhat controversial although most of these procedures are now being performed arthroscopically popular approaches (as opposed to the deltopectoral approach) include the mini-open approach (lateral deltoid-splitting approach)
• Deltopectoral (DP) approach – When marking out the anatomic landmarks for the DP approach, the coracoid process is marked on the skin to plan out the trajectory for the surgical incision. From there, an incision is made which follows over the deltopectoral groove. The deltoid and pectoralis major muscle fibers are appreciated, and this most often includes direct visualization of a fat stripe which includes the cephalic vein in the center of the incision/approach. The deltoid is retracted laterally while the pectoralis major muscle is retracted medially. The cephalic vein is retracted either laterally or medially (depending on surgeon preference).[rx]
• Other approaches – Other surgical approaches that involve the deltoid are the anterolateral and direct lateral approach to the shoulder.  A modified anterolateral approach can be preferred over the more anterior approach for humeral fractures because this may facilitate access to the specific fracture fragments.[rx]

REferences

E

Test Diagnosis Of Deltoid Muscle Strain/Deltoid Muscle Strain is the large muscle on the shoulder and has three parts: the anterior, posterior and the middle. The muscle performs the role of lifting the arm up sideways. The front part helps to lift the arm up forward, which is called shoulder flexion. The back part helps to lift the arm up backward, which is called shoulder extension.

Anatomy of Deltoid Muscle Strain

The grades of deltoid strain are described below

Grade 1

• Tightness in the muscles.
• Mild pain in the deltoid
• The general function is not a problem.
• Increase in pain when weight-bearing with the arms.

Grade 2

• Occasional twinges of pain during activity.
• You may notice swelling.
• Pressing into the deltoid itself can cause pain.
• Lifting your arm up to the front, side or back against resistance can cause pain.

Grade 3

• Unable to move your arm.
• Severe pain.
• Swelling.
• Contracting the muscle is painful and there may be a bulge or gap in the muscle.

Or

When the deltoid muscle is injured, a person may feel pain or tenderness at the front, side, or back of the shoulder, especially when lifting the arm. In some cases, the deltoid muscle may be torn and cause swelling and bruising.

Strains are given a grade of 1–3, according to their severity:

• Grade 1 – These mild strains are characterized by tightness in the muscle and minimal swelling. Using the arm may produce slight pain, but the range of movement is often not restricted.
• Grade 2 – Increased pain, swelling, and limited movement are typically present with a grade 2 strain. In many cases, doing push-ups, presses, or lifting the arm in any direction can cause pain.
• Grade 3 – These serious injuries can cause severe pain, swelling, and a muscle bulge or gap. Due to the pain, the movement of the arm may be severely limited or impossible.

Diagnosing shoulder pain

Health practitioners who treat shoulder pain are trained to investigate and identify the exact cause of the condition or injury causing the pain. They will do this by:

• asking about your shoulder pain, including potential causes (e.g. recent injuries, other health conditions), if you have had shoulder pain before, things that make your pain worse, things that make it better
• conducting a thorough physical exam.
• From this information, they can work out the likelihood of particular structures in the shoulder being involved. Sometimes they will suggest that investigations or tests may be needed.

X-ray -m X-rays provide images of your bones and joints. They can show any changes caused by arthritis in the shoulder joint (e.g. bone spurs, narrowed joint space) or fractures. However, x-rays don’t show any changes or problems with your soft tissues (e.g. muscles, tendons).

Ultrasound – Ultrasounds are typically used to investigate your rotator cuff tendon for inflammation, tears or rupture. While it can be a helpful tool to use and can provide clues to identify the source of your pain, a diagnosis can’t be made using the ultrasound alone. If an ultrasound is ordered, then an x-ray should also be arranged. Both tests will provide more complete information about the state of your joints and the tendon.

CT and MRI – Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are usually not the first test used to investigate shoulder pain. They may be used when a fracture is suspected or an accident is involved. These scans will help determine the extent of the injury and whether further assessment and treatment by a surgeon is needed.

Treatment of Deltoid Muscle Strain

Non-Pharmacological 

• Rest – Rest, ice and heat are the initial steps to take to rehabilitate your deltoid muscles. Resting allows the muscle strain to heal, while ice reduces the inflammation and dulls your pain. Apply ice on a 15-minute on, 15-minute off schedule for the first day for grade 1 strains. Grade 1 strains are injuries that feel tight but do not produce pain or visible swelling of the shoulder area. Continue icing for several days for grade 2 and 3 strains. Strains of this severity will cause pain and hamper your mobility. Introduce heat to the shoulder muscles after the first 24 hours with a grade 1 injury and after 3 to 5 days for injuries classified as grades 2 or 3.
• Stretching and Strengthening – Stretching and strengthening your deltoids can help you recover from an injury and prevent future strains. Stretching can begin as soon as you are pain-free, and include the barbell stretch. Stand with your arms at your sides. Bring your arms up to shoulder height, keeping your elbows straight and arms out in front of you. Wrap one end of a resistance band around your left foot and hold the other end in your right hand to strengthen a right-hand deltoid injury reverse the directions to strengthen your left deltoid. Start with your right hand down at your side with your elbow straight. Keeping your elbow straight, pull against the band as you extend your arm up and out from your body. Picture yourself imitating an airplane with your arm outstretched at your side. Your hand should be shoulder level. Slowly bring your arm back down to your side.
• Massage – Sports massage may be a part of your rehab program. A sports massage, administered by a certified professional, keeps your muscles loose and limber and warms the injured tissues. Grade 1 deltoid injuries may be massaged after the first two days of rest and icing; more severe strains or tears may require up to a week’s healing time before the massage is possible.
• Ultrasound – Grade 3 deltoid injuries can benefit from more advanced rehab techniques, including ultrasound and electrical stimulation. These types of treatments must be performed by certified professionals and may include your athletic trainer or physical therapist. Ultrasound treatments send sound waves into the deltoid muscle; electrical stimulation provides the injured tissues a low-grade electrical current. Both of these treatments can reduce pain and inflammation.

Medication

In Severe Condition of the deltoid  Muscle Injury

• Antibiotic – Cefuroxime or Azithromycin, or  Flucloxacillin or any other cephalosporin/quinolone antibiotic must be used to prevent infection or clotted blood remove to prevent furthers swelling and edema. Antibiotics and tetanus vaccination may be used if the bone breaks through the skin creating immunization.
• NSAIDs – Prescription-strength drugs that reduce both pain and inflammation. Pain medicines and anti-inflammatory drugs help to relieve pain and stiffness, allowing for increased mobility and exercise. There are many common over-the-counter medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They include and Ketorolac, Aceclofenac, Naproxen, Etoricoxib.
• Corticosteroids – Also known as oral steroids, these medications reduce inflammation.
• Cortisone injections – First-line nonoperative management also includes the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) medications in conjunction with PT modalities to rapidly reduce pain.
• Muscle Relaxants –  These medications provide relief from associated muscle spasms or injury
• Neuropathic Agents – Drugs(pregabalin & gabapentin) that address neuropathic—or nerve-related—pain. This includes burning, numbness, and tingling.
• Opioids – Also known as narcotics, these medications are intense pain relievers that should only be used under a doctor’s careful supervision.
• Topical Medications – These prescription-strength creams, gels, ointments, patches, and sprays help relieve pain and inflammation through the skin.
• Calcium & vitamin D3 – To improve bone health and healing fracture. As a general rule, men and women age 50 and older should consume 1,200 milligrams of calcium a day, and 600 international units of vitamin D a day.
• Glucosamine & Diacerein, Chondroitin sulfate – can be used to tightening the loose tendon, cartilage, ligament, and cartilage, ligament regenerates cartilage or inhabits the further degeneration of cartilage, ligament.
• Dietary supplement -to remove general weakness & healing and improved health.
• Antidepressants – A drug that blocks pain messages from your brain and boosts the effects of endorphins (your body’s natural painkillers).
• Menthol – provides deep penetrating pain relief with a nice cooling sensation
• Vitamin B1, B6, B12– promotes normal nerve function
• Vitamin E – anti-inflammatory, enhances circulation, hydrates the skin
• Aloe vera – anti-inflammatory properties, soothes the skin
• Tea Tree – enhances the penetration of ingredients
• MSM – supports healthy connective tissues, anti-inflammatory
• Ilex Leaf Extract – increases circulation, skin conditioner
• Botulinum toxin injections – to her trapezius muscles, which considerably reduced pain and spasm. This clinical improvement lasted 3 months. Ongoing injections as required are planned.

Exercises

• Supine active-assisted – Lie down flat on your back, with a pillow supporting your head.
  Bend your elbow as far as possible. Then raise your arm to 90 degrees vertical, using the stronger arm to assist if necessary. Once you have got to 90 degrees, you can straighten your elbow. Hold your arm in this upright position with its own strength.
• Circles – Slowly with your fingers, wrist and elbow straight move the arm in small circular movements clockwise and counterclockwise. Gradually increase the circle as comfortable (this may take a few weeks to increase to bigger and bigger circles).
• Progress to lightweight – As you get more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement, a lightweight e.g. a tin of beans or small paperweight should be held in the affected hand.
• Progress to Sitting and Standing – Having more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement gradually goes from lying down to sitting and eventually standing. At this stage, you may recline the head of your bed or put some pillows underneath your back to recline your position. Repeat the same exercise again, this time against some gravity. Start again from holding your arm in the upright position with its own strength. Start first without any weights and progress to use the same lightweight you used before in the lying down position.
• Resisted Exercise – For re-education of concentric contracture of the deltoid muscle. Make a fist with the hand of the affected side. The flat hand of the opposite side is providing resistance. Push your affected side hand against resistance from the other hand. Whilst doing this, you will notice that you can fully elevate your arm (above your head). Repeat these exercises in order to ‘learn’ and re-educate your Deltoid muscle to perform this ‘concentric contracture’ even without pushing against your other arm.

Exercises

Supine active-assisted

• Lie down flat on your back, with a pillow supporting your head.
• Bend your elbow as far as possible. Then raise your arm to 90 degrees vertical, using the stronger arm to assist if necessary.  Once you have got to 90 degrees, you can straighten your elbow.

• Hold your arm in this upright position with its own strength.
  • Circles: Slowly with your fingers, wrist and elbow straight move the arm in small circular movements clockwise and counterclockwise. Gradually increase the circle as comfortable (this may take a few weeks to increase to bigger and bigger circles).

• • Secondly move the arm forwards and backwards in line with the outside leg (gentle movement from both sides of the arm upright position.)
• Keep the movements smooth and continuous for 5 minutes or until fatigue.
• As you get more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement, gradually increase the range of movement until your arm will move from the side of your thigh to above your head, touching the bed, and return.

Progress to lightweight:

• As you get more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement, a lightweight e.g. a tin of beans or small paperweight should be held in the affected hand.
• Repeat as above (5 and 6).

Progress to sitting and standing:

• Having more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement gradually go from lying down to sitting and eventually standing.
• At this stage you may recline the head of your bed or put some pillows underneath your back to recline your position.
• Repeat the same exercise again, this time against some gravity.
• Start again from holding your arm in the upright position with its own strength.
• Repeat as above (5, 6 and 7).
• Start first without any weights and progress to use the same lightweight you used before in the lying down position.

Resisted exercise:

• For re-education of concentric contracture of the deltoid muscle.
• Make a fist with the hand of the affected side.  The flat hand of the opposite side is providing resistance.  Push your affected side hand against resistance from the other hand.  Whilst doing this, you will notice that you can fully elevate your arm (above your head).
• Repeat these exercises in order to ‘learn’ and re-educate your Deltoid muscle to perform this ‘concentric contracture’ even without pushing against your other arm.

• You should repeat these exercises X 10 in a session, 3 to 5 sessions per day.
• Stop exercising if your pain increases or you feel unwell.
• You should expect to see some improvement by 6 and 12 weeks.

Surgical Considerations

The deltoid is a significant factor when considering the anterior surgical approach to gain access to the shoulder joint.  Some of these technical procedures include, but are not limited to the following:

• Open Bankart repair/capsular reconstructions – indicated in the setting of recurrent anterior (or other directional) instability of the shoulder
• Shoulder arthroplasty – indicated for cases of post-traumatic deformity, advanced degenerative arthritis, and/or avascular necros includes hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)
• The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) repair-  versus tenotomy versus tenodesis procedures indicated in the setting of either LHBT/bicipital groove instability or advanced/end-stage LHBT tendinopathy and degeneration[rx][rx]
• Rotator cuff repair – contemporary indications remain somewhat controversial although most of these procedures are now being performed arthroscopically popular approaches (as opposed to the deltopectoral approach) include the mini-open approach (lateral deltoid-splitting approach)
• Deltopectoral (DP) approach – When marking out the anatomic landmarks for the DP approach, the coracoid process is marked on the skin to plan out the trajectory for the surgical incision. From there, an incision is made which follows over the deltopectoral groove. The deltoid and pectoralis major muscle fibers are appreciated, and this most often includes direct visualization of a fat stripe which includes the cephalic vein in the center of the incision/approach. The deltoid is retracted laterally while the pectoralis major muscle is retracted medially. The cephalic vein is retracted either laterally or medially (depending on surgeon preference).[rx]
• Other approaches – Other surgical approaches that involve the deltoid are the anterolateral and direct lateral approach to the shoulder.  A modified anterolateral approach can be preferred over the more anterior approach for humeral fractures because this may facilitate access to the specific fracture fragments.[rx]

REferences

How do you feel if you have a torn deltoid?/Deltoid Muscle Strain is the large muscle on the shoulder and has three parts: the anterior, posterior and the middle. The muscle performs the role of lifting the arm up sideways. The front part helps to lift the arm up forward, which is called shoulder flexion. The back part helps to lift the arm up backward, which is called shoulder extension.

Anatomy of Deltoid Muscle Strain

The grades of deltoid strain are described below

Grade 1

• Tightness in the muscles.
• Mild pain in the deltoid
• The general function is not a problem.
• Increase in pain when weight-bearing with the arms.

Grade 2

• Occasional twinges of pain during activity.
• You may notice swelling.
• Pressing into the deltoid itself can cause pain.
• Lifting your arm up to the front, side or back against resistance can cause pain.

Grade 3

• Unable to move your arm.
• Severe pain.
• Swelling.
• Contracting the muscle is painful and there may be a bulge or gap in the muscle.

Or

When the deltoid muscle is injured, a person may feel pain or tenderness at the front, side, or back of the shoulder, especially when lifting the arm. In some cases, the deltoid muscle may be torn and cause swelling and bruising.

Strains are given a grade of 1–3, according to their severity:

• Grade 1 – These mild strains are characterized by tightness in the muscle and minimal swelling. Using the arm may produce slight pain, but the range of movement is often not restricted.
• Grade 2 – Increased pain, swelling, and limited movement are typically present with a grade 2 strain. In many cases, doing push-ups, presses, or lifting the arm in any direction can cause pain.
• Grade 3 – These serious injuries can cause severe pain, swelling, and a muscle bulge or gap. Due to the pain, the movement of the arm may be severely limited or impossible.

Diagnosing shoulder pain

Health practitioners who treat shoulder pain are trained to investigate and identify the exact cause of the condition or injury causing the pain. They will do this by:

• asking about your shoulder pain, including potential causes (e.g. recent injuries, other health conditions), if you have had shoulder pain before, things that make your pain worse, things that make it better
• conducting a thorough physical exam.
• From this information, they can work out the likelihood of particular structures in the shoulder being involved. Sometimes they will suggest that investigations or tests may be needed.

X-ray -m X-rays provide images of your bones and joints. They can show any changes caused by arthritis in the shoulder joint (e.g. bone spurs, narrowed joint space) or fractures. However, x-rays don’t show any changes or problems with your soft tissues (e.g. muscles, tendons).

Ultrasound – Ultrasounds are typically used to investigate your rotator cuff tendon for inflammation, tears or rupture. While it can be a helpful tool to use and can provide clues to identify the source of your pain, a diagnosis can’t be made using the ultrasound alone. If an ultrasound is ordered, then an x-ray should also be arranged. Both tests will provide more complete information about the state of your joints and the tendon.

CT and MRI – Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are usually not the first test used to investigate shoulder pain. They may be used when a fracture is suspected or an accident is involved. These scans will help determine the extent of the injury and whether further assessment and treatment by a surgeon is needed.

Treatment of Deltoid Muscle Strain

Non-Pharmacological 

• Rest – Rest, ice and heat are the initial steps to take to rehabilitate your deltoid muscles. Resting allows the muscle strain to heal, while ice reduces the inflammation and dulls your pain. Apply ice on a 15-minute on, 15-minute off schedule for the first day for grade 1 strains. Grade 1 strains are injuries that feel tight but do not produce pain or visible swelling of the shoulder area. Continue icing for several days for grade 2 and 3 strains. Strains of this severity will cause pain and hamper your mobility. Introduce heat to the shoulder muscles after the first 24 hours with a grade 1 injury and after 3 to 5 days for injuries classified as grades 2 or 3.
• Stretching and Strengthening – Stretching and strengthening your deltoids can help you recover from an injury and prevent future strains. Stretching can begin as soon as you are pain-free, and include the barbell stretch. Stand with your arms at your sides. Bring your arms up to shoulder height, keeping your elbows straight and arms out in front of you. Wrap one end of a resistance band around your left foot and hold the other end in your right hand to strengthen a right-hand deltoid injury reverse the directions to strengthen your left deltoid. Start with your right hand down at your side with your elbow straight. Keeping your elbow straight, pull against the band as you extend your arm up and out from your body. Picture yourself imitating an airplane with your arm outstretched at your side. Your hand should be shoulder level. Slowly bring your arm back down to your side.
• Massage – Sports massage may be a part of your rehab program. A sports massage, administered by a certified professional, keeps your muscles loose and limber and warms the injured tissues. Grade 1 deltoid injuries may be massaged after the first two days of rest and icing; more severe strains or tears may require up to a week’s healing time before the massage is possible.
• Ultrasound – Grade 3 deltoid injuries can benefit from more advanced rehab techniques, including ultrasound and electrical stimulation. These types of treatments must be performed by certified professionals and may include your athletic trainer or physical therapist. Ultrasound treatments send sound waves into the deltoid muscle; electrical stimulation provides the injured tissues a low-grade electrical current. Both of these treatments can reduce pain and inflammation.

Medication

In Severe Condition of the deltoid  Muscle Injury

• Antibiotic – Cefuroxime or Azithromycin, or  Flucloxacillin or any other cephalosporin/quinolone antibiotic must be used to prevent infection or clotted blood remove to prevent furthers swelling and edema. Antibiotics and tetanus vaccination may be used if the bone breaks through the skin creating immunization.
• NSAIDs – Prescription-strength drugs that reduce both pain and inflammation. Pain medicines and anti-inflammatory drugs help to relieve pain and stiffness, allowing for increased mobility and exercise. There are many common over-the-counter medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They include and Ketorolac, Aceclofenac, Naproxen, Etoricoxib.
• Corticosteroids – Also known as oral steroids, these medications reduce inflammation.
• Cortisone injections – First-line nonoperative management also includes the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) medications in conjunction with PT modalities to rapidly reduce pain.
• Muscle Relaxants –  These medications provide relief from associated muscle spasms or injury
• Neuropathic Agents – Drugs(pregabalin & gabapentin) that address neuropathic—or nerve-related—pain. This includes burning, numbness, and tingling.
• Opioids – Also known as narcotics, these medications are intense pain relievers that should only be used under a doctor’s careful supervision.
• Topical Medications – These prescription-strength creams, gels, ointments, patches, and sprays help relieve pain and inflammation through the skin.
• Calcium & vitamin D3 – To improve bone health and healing fracture. As a general rule, men and women age 50 and older should consume 1,200 milligrams of calcium a day, and 600 international units of vitamin D a day.
• Glucosamine & Diacerein, Chondroitin sulfate – can be used to tightening the loose tendon, cartilage, ligament, and cartilage, ligament regenerates cartilage or inhabits the further degeneration of cartilage, ligament.
• Dietary supplement -to remove general weakness & healing and improved health.
• Antidepressants – A drug that blocks pain messages from your brain and boosts the effects of endorphins (your body’s natural painkillers).
• Menthol – provides deep penetrating pain relief with a nice cooling sensation
• Vitamin B1, B6, B12– promotes normal nerve function
• Vitamin E – anti-inflammatory, enhances circulation, hydrates the skin
• Aloe vera – anti-inflammatory properties, soothes the skin
• Tea Tree – enhances the penetration of ingredients
• MSM – supports healthy connective tissues, anti-inflammatory
• Ilex Leaf Extract – increases circulation, skin conditioner
• Botulinum toxin injections – to her trapezius muscles, which considerably reduced pain and spasm. This clinical improvement lasted 3 months. Ongoing injections as required are planned.

Exercises

• Supine active-assisted – Lie down flat on your back, with a pillow supporting your head.
  Bend your elbow as far as possible. Then raise your arm to 90 degrees vertical, using the stronger arm to assist if necessary. Once you have got to 90 degrees, you can straighten your elbow. Hold your arm in this upright position with its own strength.
• Circles – Slowly with your fingers, wrist and elbow straight move the arm in small circular movements clockwise and counterclockwise. Gradually increase the circle as comfortable (this may take a few weeks to increase to bigger and bigger circles).
• Progress to lightweight – As you get more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement, a lightweight e.g. a tin of beans or small paperweight should be held in the affected hand.
• Progress to Sitting and Standing – Having more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement gradually goes from lying down to sitting and eventually standing. At this stage, you may recline the head of your bed or put some pillows underneath your back to recline your position. Repeat the same exercise again, this time against some gravity. Start again from holding your arm in the upright position with its own strength. Start first without any weights and progress to use the same lightweight you used before in the lying down position.
• Resisted Exercise – For re-education of concentric contracture of the deltoid muscle. Make a fist with the hand of the affected side. The flat hand of the opposite side is providing resistance. Push your affected side hand against resistance from the other hand. Whilst doing this, you will notice that you can fully elevate your arm (above your head). Repeat these exercises in order to ‘learn’ and re-educate your Deltoid muscle to perform this ‘concentric contracture’ even without pushing against your other arm.

Exercises

Supine active-assisted

• Lie down flat on your back, with a pillow supporting your head.
• Bend your elbow as far as possible. Then raise your arm to 90 degrees vertical, using the stronger arm to assist if necessary.  Once you have got to 90 degrees, you can straighten your elbow.

• Hold your arm in this upright position with its own strength.
  • Circles: Slowly with your fingers, wrist and elbow straight move the arm in small circular movements clockwise and counterclockwise. Gradually increase the circle as comfortable (this may take a few weeks to increase to bigger and bigger circles).

• • Secondly move the arm forwards and backwards in line with the outside leg (gentle movement from both sides of the arm upright position.)
• Keep the movements smooth and continuous for 5 minutes or until fatigue.
• As you get more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement, gradually increase the range of movement until your arm will move from the side of your thigh to above your head, touching the bed, and return.

Progress to lightweight:

• As you get more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement, a lightweight e.g. a tin of beans or small paperweight should be held in the affected hand.
• Repeat as above (5 and 6).

Progress to sitting and standing:

• Having more confidence in controlling your shoulder movement gradually go from lying down to sitting and eventually standing.
• At this stage you may recline the head of your bed or put some pillows underneath your back to recline your position.
• Repeat the same exercise again, this time against some gravity.
• Start again from holding your arm in the upright position with its own strength.
• Repeat as above (5, 6 and 7).
• Start first without any weights and progress to use the same lightweight you used before in the lying down position.

Resisted exercise:

• For re-education of concentric contracture of the deltoid muscle.
• Make a fist with the hand of the affected side.  The flat hand of the opposite side is providing resistance.  Push your affected side hand against resistance from the other hand.  Whilst doing this, you will notice that you can fully elevate your arm (above your head).
• Repeat these exercises in order to ‘learn’ and re-educate your Deltoid muscle to perform this ‘concentric contracture’ even without pushing against your other arm.

• You should repeat these exercises X 10 in a session, 3 to 5 sessions per day.
• Stop exercising if your pain increases or you feel unwell.
• You should expect to see some improvement by 6 and 12 weeks.

Surgical Considerations

The deltoid is a significant factor when considering the anterior surgical approach to gain access to the shoulder joint.  Some of these technical procedures include, but are not limited to the following:

• Open Bankart repair/capsular reconstructions – indicated in the setting of recurrent anterior (or other directional) instability of the shoulder
• Shoulder arthroplasty – indicated for cases of post-traumatic deformity, advanced degenerative arthritis, and/or avascular necros includes hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)
• The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) repair-  versus tenotomy versus tenodesis procedures indicated in the setting of either LHBT/bicipital groove instability or advanced/end-stage LHBT tendinopathy and degeneration[rx][rx]
• Rotator cuff repair – contemporary indications remain somewhat controversial although most of these procedures are now being performed arthroscopically popular approaches (as opposed to the deltopectoral approach) include the mini-open approach (lateral deltoid-splitting approach)
• Deltopectoral (DP) approach – When marking out the anatomic landmarks for the DP approach, the coracoid process is marked on the skin to plan out the trajectory for the surgical incision. From there, an incision is made which follows over the deltopectoral groove. The deltoid and pectoralis major muscle fibers are appreciated, and this most often includes direct visualization of a fat stripe which includes the cephalic vein in the center of the incision/approach. The deltoid is retracted laterally while the pectoralis major muscle is retracted medially. The cephalic vein is retracted either laterally or medially (depending on surgeon preference).[rx]
• Other approaches – Other surgical approaches that involve the deltoid are the anterolateral and direct lateral approach to the shoulder.  A modified anterolateral approach can be preferred over the more anterior approach for humeral fractures because this may facilitate access to the specific fracture fragments.[rx]

REferences

What is the best exercise for trapezius?/Trapezius myalgia (TM) is the complaint of pain, stiffness and tightness of the upper trapezius muscle. It is characterized by acute or persistent neck-shoulder pain.^[rx]
TM is not a medical disorder or disease but rather a symptom of an existing underlying condition. The pain in the muscle can last a few days or longer.

The trapezius muscle is a large superficial back muscle that resembles a trapezoid. It extends from the external protuberance of the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula. The trapezius has upper, middle, and lower groups of fibers. The trapezius has three functional parts: an upper (descending) part which supports the weight of the arm; a middle region (transverse), which retracts the scapula; and a lower (ascending) part which medially rotates and depresses the scapula.

Trapezius muscle, the large, superficial muscle at the back of the neck and the upper part of the thorax, or chest. The right and left trapezius together form a trapezium, an irregular four-sided figure. It originates at the occipital bone at the base of the skull, the ligaments on either side of the seven cervical (neck) vertebrae (ligament nuchae), and the seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae. It is inserted on the posterior of the clavicle (collarbone) and on the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its chief action is the support of the shoulders and limbs and rotation of the scapula necessary to raise the arms above the shoulder level.

Anatomy of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

Nerve supply

Motor function is supplied by the accessory nerve. Sensation, including pain and the sense of joint position (proprioception), travel via the ventral rami of the third (C3) and fourth (C4) cervical nerves. Since it is a muscle of the upper limb, the trapezius is not innervated by dorsal rami despite being placed superficially in the back.

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Blood Supply and Lymphatics

Two main variants to the vascular supply to the trapezius develop from three common sources. The most common variant involves the main supply of blood from the transverse cervical artery, with collateral supply from the dorsal scapular artery for the superior portion, and the posterior intercostal arterial branches from the deep portions. The second less common variant has more blood supply from the dorsal scapular artery. [rx]

Function

Contraction of the trapezius muscle can have two effects: movement of the scapulae when the spinal origins are stable, and movement of the spine when the scapulae are stable. Its main function is to stabilize and move the scapula.

Causes of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

There are several possible causes of trapezius pain, including:

• Overuse – Pain in the trapezius often develops due to overuse. Repetitive activities that involve the shoulders can put stress on the muscle. These activities may include lifting heavy objects or participating in specific sports, such as swimming.
• Poor posture – Prolonged poor posture can place added stress on the trapezius. Hunching over a desk or computer keyboard for many hours, for example, can result in the muscle becoming shortened and tight.
• Trauma – Injuries to the trapezius, such as a muscle tear from placing too much force on the muscle, can lead to pain.
• Repetitive stress – Repeating the same shoulder motions, again and again, can stress your trapezius muscles and tendons. Baseball, tennis, rowing, and weightlifting are examples of sports activities that can put you at risk for overuse tears. Many jobs and routine chores can cause overuse of tears, as well.
• Lack of blood supply – As we get older, the blood supply in our trapezius lessens. Without a good blood supply, the body’s natural ability to repair tendon damage is impaired. This can ultimately lead to a tendon tear.
• Bone spurs – As we age, bone spurs (bone overgrowth) often develop on the underside of the acromion bone. When we lift our arms, the spurs rub on the trapezius muscle. This condition is called shoulder impingement, and over time will weaken the tendon and make it more likely to tear.
• Sudden forceful  fall down
• Road traffic accident
• Falls – Falling onto an outstretched hand is one of the most common causes of injury.
• Sports injuries – Many Injury occurs during contact sports or sports in which you might fall onto an outstretched hand — such as in-line skating or snowboarding.
• Motor vehicle crashes – Motor vehicle crashes can cause necks of femur fracture to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair.
• Have osteoporosis –  a disease that weakens your bones
• Eave low muscle mass or poor muscle strength – or lack agility and have poor balance (these conditions make you more likely to fall)
• Walk or do other activities in the snow or on the ice – or do activities that require a lot of forwarding momenta, such as in-line skating and skiing
• Wave an inadequate intake of calcium or vitamin D
• Football or soccer, especially on artificial turf
• Rugby
• Horseback riding
• Hockey
• Skiing
• Snowboarding
• In-line skating
• Jumping on a trampoline

Symptoms of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

It can contribute to the following pain symptoms. Click on the corresponding link to learn how to achieve relief.

• Neck Pain – may be chronic or recent in onset.  It may be confined to the neck or radiate to the arms.  It may be described as mild or severe and dull or sharp and better or worse with certain physical maneuvers.  These characteristics will help localize the issue and point towards its origin.  On occasion, the distribution of pain will suffice to establish the correct diagnosis.
• Headache – frequently accompanies cervical spine pathology and maybe the most prominent complaint.  The headache is usually daily, in the back of the skull and radiates forwards over the temples.  It is generally mild and relieved with minor pain medications.  When chronic, it can be quite severe and mistaken for “migraine”.
• Numbness – into the arm in a particular location provides clues as to which nerve is involved and, perhaps, also the exact location where the nerve is involved.
• Weakness – is less likely noticeable to the patient unless it is profound, although the neurologist will inquire if there are any particular muscles or groups of muscles that don’t seem to work well.  Weakness in the arms is generally less noticeable than in the legs.  Fatigue of certain motions may be more readily recognized and reported as a weakness.
• Bowel, Bladder, Gait, and Balance – difficulties are clues to spinal cord injury and symptoms of this nature are quite important.
• Episodes of pain are often experienced causing pain in the neck.
• There may also be difficulty in the movement of the neck due to spasms.
• After a prolonged period of pain due to trapezius, the pain becomes more troublesome and may appear often by the slightest trigger or strain in the trapezius.
• Pain and tightness in the neck and trapezius muscle may last for usually 3 to 5 days in an individual.
• During this phase of the trapezius, the patient might also complain of pain in their arms and hands.
• In some conditions of the trapezius, particularly long-standing ones, chronic muscle spasm may also lead to nerve compression. This often results in further symptoms of trapezius like tingling, numbness or even weakness in the arms, hands, and fingers on the affected side.
• Stiff neck
• Pain in the area between the shoulder blades
• Pain on the shoulder blade

Diagnosis of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

Testing of the accessory nerve is done as follows

ALWAYS inform the patient of what you will be doing, after introducing yourself and taking a detailed clinical history

• When examining a patient, ensure you just observe the patient and try to identify if there is any obvious deformity or asymmetry of the shoulder and neck region. It may be that you will see an obvious weakness or asymmetrical position of the patient’s neck and/or upper limbs.
• First, you can assess the sternocleidomastoid.
• You can ask the patient to rotate their head to look to the left- and right-hand sides to identify any obvious abnormality.
• Then, ask the patient to look to one side and test the muscle against resistance.
• For example, if the patient looks to the right side, place the ball of your hand on their left mandible
• Ask the patient to press into your hand.
• Repeat this on the opposite side. Then, you need to assess the trapezius.
• First, you can ask the patient to raise their shoulders, as in shrugging.
• Observe any gross abnormality.
• Then while the patient is raising their shoulders, gently press down on them as they lift their shoulders.
• Assess any weakness which may be present, noting which side is affected.

Physical Examination

• Motor Function – of almost all of the muscles in both the arms and legs are tested.  The maximum power that each muscle can generate and the loss of muscle bulk (atrophy) are assessed.
• Sensory Function – is tested with either a pin-prick or light-touch method, looking for areas of numbness, tingling or burning.
• Reflex Activity – of the arms and legs is tested with the rubber hammer to provide insight to the nerve, spinal cord, and muscle function.
• Gait Assessment – is reviewed for balance and pattern of muscle power.
• The coordination of both arms and legs is reviewed for both dexterity and balance.
• Range of Motion – of the spine, both passively and actively, is performed while assessing the musculature and identifying whether any nerve, spinal cord or pain difficulties emerge.

Electrodiagnostic Testing

Electromyography (EMG) – is a test that reveals whether certain muscles are receiving the correct electrical signals from their nerves.  There are two parts to this test:

• Nerve conductions are shocks that permit the reader to determine the rate of speed that the nerve is sending messages, and thus its general health.
• Needle electrode testing is performed by sampling several muscles with an electrode to determine whether the muscles are receiving the correct electrical signals from any single nerve.  When a specific group of muscles does not test normally, this informs the neurologist as to where the problem lies and the severity of the injury.

Radiographic Imaging

• X-ray – is the easiest means to image the spine.  X-ray reveals alignment and degenerative changes of the bones.  The spaces for the discs are seen as well, but no pictures are seen of the spinal cord, nerves or actual disc material.  Unsuspected bony pathology, such as fractures, dislocations, and cancer metastases, are quickly identified with an x-ray.
• CT Scan – is useful for cross-sectional imaging of the spine and increased image detail of the spinal cord, nerves, and discs, but less so than MRI imaging.
• MRI – is currently the best means of visualizing all of the important structures of the cervical spine.  With a good MRI study, considerable detail is available of the bones, discs, spinal cord, ligaments and even the nerves.  MRI studies are most likely the major determinant of the pathology causing the cervical spine difficulties, whatever their nature.
• Blood work – may be ordered if suspicion of spinal cord disease is present.  Also, certain forms of arthritis (Rheumatoid) may be detected with blood work.
• Bone density assessment – assists in the diagnosis of a loss of calcium as seen in osteopenia and osteoporosis, conditions that weaken the bone structure everywhere.
• Ultrasound such as high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) – has been used to confirm the target nerve and visualize the structures surrounding the nerve. Ultrasound is meaningful in detecting some change to the muscles, such as atrophy, and reducing possible damage during the administration of injections and medication to the affected area by guiding to correct targeted area while visualizing with the ultrasound. Ultrasonography is not helpful in detecting the actual transaction of the nerve.[rx][rx]
• Electromyography (EMG) – and nerve conduction studies are unnecessary for the diagnosis; however, it would be helpful to distinguish and quantify the degree of damage by doing serial EMGs. Electromyography (EMG) has shown that the trapezius muscle is the main muscle responsible for shoulder elevation and, by means of its upper bundle, it participates in the arm elevation movement. Nonetheless, this movement also involves the participation of the deltoid, supra-spinal, and infra-spinal muscles.

Treatment of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

In Acute Stage

• Apply ice – after you get home from the hospital (regardless if you had surgery or not), you should apply a bag of crushed ice (or something cold) to your injured in order to reduce the swelling and numb the pain. Ice therapy is effective for acute (recent) injuries that involve swelling because it reduces blood flow by constricting local blood vessels. Apply the crushed ice to your injured area for 15 minutes three to five times daily until the soreness and inflammation eventually fade away or Ice can be applied for 15 minutes every 2 hours for the first day or two. From then on the frequency can be gradually reduced over a period of days.
• Rest – Continuing to use your arm when it is painful prevents your tear from healing.
• Avoiding activities that aggravate the pain –  like overhead reaching or reaching behind the back
• Keep your injured parts in a comfortable position – in front of and close to your body (avoid an arm sling, as you risk the development of a frozen shoulder)
• Ice to reduce initial inflammation in tendonitis – (apply a cold pack to shoulder for 15 to 20 minutes every four to six hours)
• For a partial rupture – complete rest is best. Your shoulder should be immobilized in a sling or similar. See a sports injury specialist or doctor who can advise on treatment and rehabilitation.
• When your injury – has healed and you are pain-free, begin rehabilitation exercises. These should include mobility, strengthening and functional or sports specific exercises that should be done.
• Lightly exercise after the pain fades – after a couple of weeks when the swelling has subsided and the pain has faded away, remove your arm sling for short periods and carefully move in all different directions. Don’t aggravate the necks but gently reintroduce movements to the involved joints and muscles. Start cautiously, maybe starting with light and then progress to holding light weights (five-pound weights to start).
• Practice stretching and strengthening exercises – of the fingers, leg if your doctor recommends them.
• A splint – which you might use for a few days to a week while the swelling goes down; if a splint is used initially, a cast is usually put on about a week later.
• A cast – which you might need for six to eight weeks or longer, depending on how bad the break is (you might need a second cast if the first one gets too loose after the swelling goes away.)
• Iontophoresis, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulations (TENS) –  and other similar therapy modalities in the presence of FTTs, the committee reported a moderate recommendation grade for exercises and/or NSAIDs in the presence of RCS symptoms in the absence of FTTs.
• Get a referral to physical therapy – Once you’ve recovered and able to remove your arm sling splint for good, you’ll likely notice that the muscles surrounding your shoulder joint look smaller and feel weaker. That’s because muscle tissue atrophies without movement. If this occurs, then you’ll need to get a referral for some physical rehabilitation. Rehab can start once you are cleared by your orthopedist, are pain-free, and can perform all the basic arm and necks of femur fracture movements. A physiotherapist or athletic trainer can show you specific rehabilitation exercises and stretches to restore your muscle strength, joint movements, and flexibility.
• For RC tendonitis – the most utilized injection includes one into the subacromial space.  Patients can experience symptomatic relief almost instantaneously after the injection is given, allowing them to participate in subsequent PT therapy sessions ideally.

Medication

• Antibiotic – Cefuroxime or Azithromycin, or  Flucloxacillin or any other cephalosporin/quinolone antibiotic must be used to prevent infection or clotted blood remove to prevent furthers swelling and edema. Antibiotics and tetanus vaccination may be used if the bone breaks through the skin creating immunization.
• NSAIDs – Prescription-strength drugs that reduce both pain and inflammation. Pain medicines and anti-inflammatory drugs help to relieve pain and stiffness, allowing for increased mobility and exercise. There are many common over-the-counter medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They include and Ketorolac, Aceclofenac, Naproxen, Etoricoxib.
• Corticosteroids – Also known as oral steroids, these medications reduce inflammation.
• Cortisone injections – First-line nonoperative management also includes the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) medications in conjunction with PT modalities to rapidly reduce pain.
• Muscle Relaxants –  These medications provide relief from associated muscle spasms or injury
• Neuropathic Agents – Drugs(pregabalin & gabapentin) that address neuropathic—or nerve-related—pain. This includes burning, numbness, and tingling.
• Opioids – Also known as narcotics, these medications are intense pain relievers that should only be used under a doctor’s careful supervision.
• Topical Medications – These prescription-strength creams, gels, ointments, patches, and sprays help relieve pain and inflammation through the skin.
• Calcium & vitamin D3 – To improve bone health and healing fracture. As a general rule, men and women age 50 and older should consume 1,200 milligrams of calcium a day, and 600 international units of vitamin D a day.
• Glucosamine & Diacerein, Chondroitin sulfate – can be used to tightening the loose tendon, cartilage, ligament, and cartilage, ligament regenerates cartilage or inhabits the further degeneration of cartilage, ligament.
• Dietary supplement -to remove general weakness & healing and improved health.
• Antidepressants – A drug that blocks pain messages from your brain and boosts the effects of endorphins (your body’s natural painkillers).
• Menthol – provides deep penetrating pain relief with a nice cooling sensation
• Vitamin B1, B6, B12– promotes normal nerve function
• Vitamin E – anti-inflammatory, enhances circulation, hydrates the skin
• Aloe vera – anti-inflammatory properties, soothes the skin
• Tea Tree – enhances the penetration of ingredients
• MSM – supports healthy connective tissues, anti-inflammatory
• Ilex Leaf Extract – increases circulation, skin conditioner
• Botulinum toxin injections – to her trapezius muscles, which considerably reduced pain and spasm. This clinical improvement lasted 3 months. Ongoing injections as required are planned.

Physical Therapy of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

Raising awareness for at-risk groups of people

• Repetitive movement jobs
• Sedentary jobs (computer work
• High work demands
• Work posture
• Vibration
• Stress
• Low activity level outside of work
• Gender (women)

Exercise Therapy

Different forms of exercise are recommended for acute or persistent trapezius. ^[rx] Physical activity and exercise have been proven to give the most immediate and long-term pain relief in patients with TM^[rx]. 

Stretches

• Stretching can help keep the trapezius muscle from getting too tight. It may also prevent or relieve pain. When stretching, it is important to move in and out of the stretch gently, avoiding jerky movements and bouncing. Hold the stretch for about 15 to 30 seconds. A stretch should cause tension but no pain, so a person should avoid forcing any stretches. Below are some trapezius stretches to try.

Cat stretch

To do the cat stretch

• Get into position on all fours on the floor.
• Inhale and curl the spine up toward the ceiling while contracting the abdominal muscles.
• Hold the position for 15 seconds.
• Exhale and allow the belly to sink toward the floor, arching the back.

Ear-to-shoulder

To do an ear-to-shoulder stretch

• Sit up straight in a chair.
• Slowly bend the head over to the left side as though trying to touch the ear to the shoulder.
• Place the left hand on the head and gently pull it down toward the shoulder for a deeper stretch.
• Hold the stretch for 20 seconds.
• Release the head and perform the same stretch on the right side.

Hug stretch

To do a huge stretch

• Stand up straight.
• Reach the right arm across the chest and hold the left shoulder. Do the opposite on the other side to hold the right shoulder with the left hand.
• Press down on the left shoulder with the right hand while leaning the head to the right.
• Hold the stretch for about 20 seconds.
• Repeat on the other side.

Dry needling

• Dry needling is a technique that involves inserting short, fine needles into the skin at specific trigger points. Proponents of dry needling claim that inserting the needles into trigger points release muscle knots and may decrease pain.

A small 2018 study involving 40 adult athletes with shoulder pain found that dry needling in the upper trapezius muscle decreased pain severity.

Applying ice and heat

• Both hot and cold therapy may decrease the discomfort of muscle pain. Applying ice can help reduce inflammation and pain in the trapezius.
• Heat can effectively reduce muscle spasms, increase blood flow to the area, and promote healing.

Taping

• The use of kinesiology tape may also help ease trapezius pain. This technique involves applying a stretchy elastic tape over the painful area to decrease pressure on the muscle.
• One small, short-term study recruited 73 participants with trapezius pain. A pain assessment took place before and after kinesiology taping. The participants also had a 24-hour follow-up assessment.
• The study found that kinesiology taping significantly reduced subjective pain sensation.
• Although the study was limited, kinesiology taping is a low-risk solution that may provide some relief.

Psychosocial involvement

• The possible presence of psychosocial causative factors in patients with TM should be considered from the outset. Explanation of pain and the influence of psychosocial factors should also be included in the treatment of TM alongside exercise therapy. ^[rx]

Manual therapy

• There is moderate evidence available for short-term relief of myofascial trigger points by Transcutaneous Electro Nerve Stimulation (TENS), acupuncture and magnet or laser therapy.^[rx][rx]
• Some studies have shown that in the short term acupuncture/dry needling can have the largest effect on pain. There is no evidence of effective treatment to reduce pain in the intermediate and long term periods.^[rx]
• There is conflicting evidence as to whether ultrasound therapy is no more effective than a placebo or somewhat more effective than other therapies in the treatment of myofascial trigger points. Ultrasound can, therefore, be used as a therapeutic modulation but is not recommended.^[rx]

Biofeedback training

• Biofeedback training can also be useful in the treatment of work-related neck and shoulder pain. A study has shown that six weeks of biofeedback training resulted in less pain and neck disability than active and passive treatment, which remained at 6 months post-intervention in the control.
• Ischaemic compression, a stretch of the upper trapezius muscle and transverse friction massage are manual techniques to help patients with TM. These techniques appear to have an instant improvement in pain. Long-term effects have not yet been well investigated.

References

Test Diagnosis of Trapezius Muscle Injury/Trapezius myalgia (TM) is the complaint of pain, stiffness and tightness of the upper trapezius muscle. It is characterized by acute or persistent neck-shoulder pain.^[rx]
TM is not a medical disorder or disease but rather a symptom of an existing underlying condition. The pain in the muscle can last a few days or longer.

The trapezius muscle is a large superficial back muscle that resembles a trapezoid. It extends from the external protuberance of the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula. The trapezius has upper, middle, and lower groups of fibers. The trapezius has three functional parts: an upper (descending) part which supports the weight of the arm; a middle region (transverse), which retracts the scapula; and a lower (ascending) part which medially rotates and depresses the scapula.

Trapezius muscle, the large, superficial muscle at the back of the neck and the upper part of the thorax, or chest. The right and left trapezius together form a trapezium, an irregular four-sided figure. It originates at the occipital bone at the base of the skull, the ligaments on either side of the seven cervical (neck) vertebrae (ligament nuchae), and the seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae. It is inserted on the posterior of the clavicle (collarbone) and on the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its chief action is the support of the shoulders and limbs and rotation of the scapula necessary to raise the arms above the shoulder level.

Anatomy of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

Nerve supply

Motor function is supplied by the accessory nerve. Sensation, including pain and the sense of joint position (proprioception), travel via the ventral rami of the third (C3) and fourth (C4) cervical nerves. Since it is a muscle of the upper limb, the trapezius is not innervated by dorsal rami despite being placed superficially in the back.

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Blood Supply and Lymphatics

Two main variants to the vascular supply to the trapezius develop from three common sources. The most common variant involves the main supply of blood from the transverse cervical artery, with collateral supply from the dorsal scapular artery for the superior portion, and the posterior intercostal arterial branches from the deep portions. The second less common variant has more blood supply from the dorsal scapular artery. [rx]

Function

Contraction of the trapezius muscle can have two effects: movement of the scapulae when the spinal origins are stable, and movement of the spine when the scapulae are stable. Its main function is to stabilize and move the scapula.

Causes of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

There are several possible causes of trapezius pain, including:

• Overuse – Pain in the trapezius often develops due to overuse. Repetitive activities that involve the shoulders can put stress on the muscle. These activities may include lifting heavy objects or participating in specific sports, such as swimming.
• Poor posture – Prolonged poor posture can place added stress on the trapezius. Hunching over a desk or computer keyboard for many hours, for example, can result in the muscle becoming shortened and tight.
• Trauma – Injuries to the trapezius, such as a muscle tear from placing too much force on the muscle, can lead to pain.
• Repetitive stress – Repeating the same shoulder motions, again and again, can stress your trapezius muscles and tendons. Baseball, tennis, rowing, and weightlifting are examples of sports activities that can put you at risk for overuse tears. Many jobs and routine chores can cause overuse of tears, as well.
• Lack of blood supply – As we get older, the blood supply in our trapezius lessens. Without a good blood supply, the body’s natural ability to repair tendon damage is impaired. This can ultimately lead to a tendon tear.
• Bone spurs – As we age, bone spurs (bone overgrowth) often develop on the underside of the acromion bone. When we lift our arms, the spurs rub on the trapezius muscle. This condition is called shoulder impingement, and over time will weaken the tendon and make it more likely to tear.
• Sudden forceful  fall down
• Road traffic accident
• Falls – Falling onto an outstretched hand is one of the most common causes of injury.
• Sports injuries – Many Injury occurs during contact sports or sports in which you might fall onto an outstretched hand — such as in-line skating or snowboarding.
• Motor vehicle crashes – Motor vehicle crashes can cause necks of femur fracture to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair.
• Have osteoporosis –  a disease that weakens your bones
• Eave low muscle mass or poor muscle strength – or lack agility and have poor balance (these conditions make you more likely to fall)
• Walk or do other activities in the snow or on the ice – or do activities that require a lot of forwarding momenta, such as in-line skating and skiing
• Wave an inadequate intake of calcium or vitamin D
• Football or soccer, especially on artificial turf
• Rugby
• Horseback riding
• Hockey
• Skiing
• Snowboarding
• In-line skating
• Jumping on a trampoline

Symptoms of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

It can contribute to the following pain symptoms. Click on the corresponding link to learn how to achieve relief.

• Neck Pain – may be chronic or recent in onset.  It may be confined to the neck or radiate to the arms.  It may be described as mild or severe and dull or sharp and better or worse with certain physical maneuvers.  These characteristics will help localize the issue and point towards its origin.  On occasion, the distribution of pain will suffice to establish the correct diagnosis.
• Headache – frequently accompanies cervical spine pathology and maybe the most prominent complaint.  The headache is usually daily, in the back of the skull and radiates forwards over the temples.  It is generally mild and relieved with minor pain medications.  When chronic, it can be quite severe and mistaken for “migraine”.
• Numbness – into the arm in a particular location provides clues as to which nerve is involved and, perhaps, also the exact location where the nerve is involved.
• Weakness – is less likely noticeable to the patient unless it is profound, although the neurologist will inquire if there are any particular muscles or groups of muscles that don’t seem to work well.  Weakness in the arms is generally less noticeable than in the legs.  Fatigue of certain motions may be more readily recognized and reported as a weakness.
• Bowel, Bladder, Gait, and Balance – difficulties are clues to spinal cord injury and symptoms of this nature are quite important.
• Episodes of pain are often experienced causing pain in the neck.
• There may also be difficulty in the movement of the neck due to spasms.
• After a prolonged period of pain due to trapezius, the pain becomes more troublesome and may appear often by the slightest trigger or strain in the trapezius.
• Pain and tightness in the neck and trapezius muscle may last for usually 3 to 5 days in an individual.
• During this phase of the trapezius, the patient might also complain of pain in their arms and hands.
• In some conditions of the trapezius, particularly long-standing ones, chronic muscle spasm may also lead to nerve compression. This often results in further symptoms of trapezius like tingling, numbness or even weakness in the arms, hands, and fingers on the affected side.
• Stiff neck
• Pain in the area between the shoulder blades
• Pain on the shoulder blade

Diagnosis of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

Testing of the accessory nerve is done as follows

ALWAYS inform the patient of what you will be doing, after introducing yourself and taking a detailed clinical history

• When examining a patient, ensure you just observe the patient and try to identify if there is any obvious deformity or asymmetry of the shoulder and neck region. It may be that you will see an obvious weakness or asymmetrical position of the patient’s neck and/or upper limbs.
• First, you can assess the sternocleidomastoid.
• You can ask the patient to rotate their head to look to the left- and right-hand sides to identify any obvious abnormality.
• Then, ask the patient to look to one side and test the muscle against resistance.
• For example, if the patient looks to the right side, place the ball of your hand on their left mandible
• Ask the patient to press into your hand.
• Repeat this on the opposite side. Then, you need to assess the trapezius.
• First, you can ask the patient to raise their shoulders, as in shrugging.
• Observe any gross abnormality.
• Then while the patient is raising their shoulders, gently press down on them as they lift their shoulders.
• Assess any weakness which may be present, noting which side is affected.

Physical Examination

• Motor Function – of almost all of the muscles in both the arms and legs are tested.  The maximum power that each muscle can generate and the loss of muscle bulk (atrophy) are assessed.
• Sensory Function – is tested with either a pin-prick or light-touch method, looking for areas of numbness, tingling or burning.
• Reflex Activity – of the arms and legs is tested with the rubber hammer to provide insight to the nerve, spinal cord, and muscle function.
• Gait Assessment – is reviewed for balance and pattern of muscle power.
• The coordination of both arms and legs is reviewed for both dexterity and balance.
• Range of Motion – of the spine, both passively and actively, is performed while assessing the musculature and identifying whether any nerve, spinal cord or pain difficulties emerge.

Electrodiagnostic Testing

Electromyography (EMG) – is a test that reveals whether certain muscles are receiving the correct electrical signals from their nerves.  There are two parts to this test:

• Nerve conductions are shocks that permit the reader to determine the rate of speed that the nerve is sending messages, and thus its general health.
• Needle electrode testing is performed by sampling several muscles with an electrode to determine whether the muscles are receiving the correct electrical signals from any single nerve.  When a specific group of muscles does not test normally, this informs the neurologist as to where the problem lies and the severity of the injury.

Radiographic Imaging

• X-ray – is the easiest means to image the spine.  X-ray reveals alignment and degenerative changes of the bones.  The spaces for the discs are seen as well, but no pictures are seen of the spinal cord, nerves or actual disc material.  Unsuspected bony pathology, such as fractures, dislocations, and cancer metastases, are quickly identified with an x-ray.
• CT Scan – is useful for cross-sectional imaging of the spine and increased image detail of the spinal cord, nerves, and discs, but less so than MRI imaging.
• MRI – is currently the best means of visualizing all of the important structures of the cervical spine.  With a good MRI study, considerable detail is available of the bones, discs, spinal cord, ligaments and even the nerves.  MRI studies are most likely the major determinant of the pathology causing the cervical spine difficulties, whatever their nature.
• Blood work – may be ordered if suspicion of spinal cord disease is present.  Also, certain forms of arthritis (Rheumatoid) may be detected with blood work.
• Bone density assessment – assists in the diagnosis of a loss of calcium as seen in osteopenia and osteoporosis, conditions that weaken the bone structure everywhere.
• Ultrasound such as high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) – has been used to confirm the target nerve and visualize the structures surrounding the nerve. Ultrasound is meaningful in detecting some change to the muscles, such as atrophy, and reducing possible damage during the administration of injections and medication to the affected area by guiding to correct targeted area while visualizing with the ultrasound. Ultrasonography is not helpful in detecting the actual transaction of the nerve.[rx][rx]
• Electromyography (EMG) – and nerve conduction studies are unnecessary for the diagnosis; however, it would be helpful to distinguish and quantify the degree of damage by doing serial EMGs. Electromyography (EMG) has shown that the trapezius muscle is the main muscle responsible for shoulder elevation and, by means of its upper bundle, it participates in the arm elevation movement. Nonetheless, this movement also involves the participation of the deltoid, supra-spinal, and infra-spinal muscles.

Treatment of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

In Acute Stage

• Apply ice – after you get home from the hospital (regardless if you had surgery or not), you should apply a bag of crushed ice (or something cold) to your injured in order to reduce the swelling and numb the pain. Ice therapy is effective for acute (recent) injuries that involve swelling because it reduces blood flow by constricting local blood vessels. Apply the crushed ice to your injured area for 15 minutes three to five times daily until the soreness and inflammation eventually fade away or Ice can be applied for 15 minutes every 2 hours for the first day or two. From then on the frequency can be gradually reduced over a period of days.
• Rest – Continuing to use your arm when it is painful prevents your tear from healing.
• Avoiding activities that aggravate the pain –  like overhead reaching or reaching behind the back
• Keep your injured parts in a comfortable position – in front of and close to your body (avoid an arm sling, as you risk the development of a frozen shoulder)
• Ice to reduce initial inflammation in tendonitis – (apply a cold pack to shoulder for 15 to 20 minutes every four to six hours)
• For a partial rupture – complete rest is best. Your shoulder should be immobilized in a sling or similar. See a sports injury specialist or doctor who can advise on treatment and rehabilitation.
• When your injury – has healed and you are pain-free, begin rehabilitation exercises. These should include mobility, strengthening and functional or sports specific exercises that should be done.
• Lightly exercise after the pain fades – after a couple of weeks when the swelling has subsided and the pain has faded away, remove your arm sling for short periods and carefully move in all different directions. Don’t aggravate the necks but gently reintroduce movements to the involved joints and muscles. Start cautiously, maybe starting with light and then progress to holding light weights (five-pound weights to start).
• Practice stretching and strengthening exercises – of the fingers, leg if your doctor recommends them.
• A splint – which you might use for a few days to a week while the swelling goes down; if a splint is used initially, a cast is usually put on about a week later.
• A cast – which you might need for six to eight weeks or longer, depending on how bad the break is (you might need a second cast if the first one gets too loose after the swelling goes away.)
• Iontophoresis, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulations (TENS) –  and other similar therapy modalities in the presence of FTTs, the committee reported a moderate recommendation grade for exercises and/or NSAIDs in the presence of RCS symptoms in the absence of FTTs.
• Get a referral to physical therapy – Once you’ve recovered and able to remove your arm sling splint for good, you’ll likely notice that the muscles surrounding your shoulder joint look smaller and feel weaker. That’s because muscle tissue atrophies without movement. If this occurs, then you’ll need to get a referral for some physical rehabilitation. Rehab can start once you are cleared by your orthopedist, are pain-free, and can perform all the basic arm and necks of femur fracture movements. A physiotherapist or athletic trainer can show you specific rehabilitation exercises and stretches to restore your muscle strength, joint movements, and flexibility.
• For RC tendonitis – the most utilized injection includes one into the subacromial space.  Patients can experience symptomatic relief almost instantaneously after the injection is given, allowing them to participate in subsequent PT therapy sessions ideally.

Medication

• Antibiotic – Cefuroxime or Azithromycin, or  Flucloxacillin or any other cephalosporin/quinolone antibiotic must be used to prevent infection or clotted blood remove to prevent furthers swelling and edema. Antibiotics and tetanus vaccination may be used if the bone breaks through the skin creating immunization.
• NSAIDs – Prescription-strength drugs that reduce both pain and inflammation. Pain medicines and anti-inflammatory drugs help to relieve pain and stiffness, allowing for increased mobility and exercise. There are many common over-the-counter medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They include and Ketorolac, Aceclofenac, Naproxen, Etoricoxib.
• Corticosteroids – Also known as oral steroids, these medications reduce inflammation.
• Cortisone injections – First-line nonoperative management also includes the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) medications in conjunction with PT modalities to rapidly reduce pain.
• Muscle Relaxants –  These medications provide relief from associated muscle spasms or injury
• Neuropathic Agents – Drugs(pregabalin & gabapentin) that address neuropathic—or nerve-related—pain. This includes burning, numbness, and tingling.
• Opioids – Also known as narcotics, these medications are intense pain relievers that should only be used under a doctor’s careful supervision.
• Topical Medications – These prescription-strength creams, gels, ointments, patches, and sprays help relieve pain and inflammation through the skin.
• Calcium & vitamin D3 – To improve bone health and healing fracture. As a general rule, men and women age 50 and older should consume 1,200 milligrams of calcium a day, and 600 international units of vitamin D a day.
• Glucosamine & Diacerein, Chondroitin sulfate – can be used to tightening the loose tendon, cartilage, ligament, and cartilage, ligament regenerates cartilage or inhabits the further degeneration of cartilage, ligament.
• Dietary supplement -to remove general weakness & healing and improved health.
• Antidepressants – A drug that blocks pain messages from your brain and boosts the effects of endorphins (your body’s natural painkillers).
• Menthol – provides deep penetrating pain relief with a nice cooling sensation
• Vitamin B1, B6, B12– promotes normal nerve function
• Vitamin E – anti-inflammatory, enhances circulation, hydrates the skin
• Aloe vera – anti-inflammatory properties, soothes the skin
• Tea Tree – enhances the penetration of ingredients
• MSM – supports healthy connective tissues, anti-inflammatory
• Ilex Leaf Extract – increases circulation, skin conditioner
• Botulinum toxin injections – to her trapezius muscles, which considerably reduced pain and spasm. This clinical improvement lasted 3 months. Ongoing injections as required are planned.

Physical Therapy of Trapezius Muscle Tendonitis

Raising awareness for at-risk groups of people

• Repetitive movement jobs
• Sedentary jobs (computer work
• High work demands
• Work posture
• Vibration
• Stress
• Low activity level outside of work
• Gender (women)

Exercise Therapy

Different forms of exercise are recommended for acute or persistent trapezius. ^[rx] Physical activity and exercise have been proven to give the most immediate and long-term pain relief in patients with TM^[rx]. 

Stretches

• Stretching can help keep the trapezius muscle from getting too tight. It may also prevent or relieve pain. When stretching, it is important to move in and out of the stretch gently, avoiding jerky movements and bouncing. Hold the stretch for about 15 to 30 seconds. A stretch should cause tension but no pain, so a person should avoid forcing any stretches. Below are some trapezius stretches to try.

Cat stretch

To do the cat stretch

• Get into position on all fours on the floor.
• Inhale and curl the spine up toward the ceiling while contracting the abdominal muscles.
• Hold the position for 15 seconds.
• Exhale and allow the belly to sink toward the floor, arching the back.

Ear-to-shoulder

To do an ear-to-shoulder stretch

• Sit up straight in a chair.
• Slowly bend the head over to the left side as though trying to touch the ear to the shoulder.
• Place the left hand on the head and gently pull it down toward the shoulder for a deeper stretch.
• Hold the stretch for 20 seconds.
• Release the head and perform the same stretch on the right side.

Hug stretch

To do a huge stretch

• Stand up straight.
• Reach the right arm across the chest and hold the left shoulder. Do the opposite on the other side to hold the right shoulder with the left hand.
• Press down on the left shoulder with the right hand while leaning the head to the right.
• Hold the stretch for about 20 seconds.
• Repeat on the other side.

Dry needling

• Dry needling is a technique that involves inserting short, fine needles into the skin at specific trigger points. Proponents of dry needling claim that inserting the needles into trigger points release muscle knots and may decrease pain.

A small 2018 study involving 40 adult athletes with shoulder pain found that dry needling in the upper trapezius muscle decreased pain severity.

Applying ice and heat

• Both hot and cold therapy may decrease the discomfort of muscle pain. Applying ice can help reduce inflammation and pain in the trapezius.
• Heat can effectively reduce muscle spasms, increase blood flow to the area, and promote healing.

Taping

• The use of kinesiology tape may also help ease trapezius pain. This technique involves applying a stretchy elastic tape over the painful area to decrease pressure on the muscle.
• One small, short-term study recruited 73 participants with trapezius pain. A pain assessment took place before and after kinesiology taping. The participants also had a 24-hour follow-up assessment.
• The study found that kinesiology taping significantly reduced subjective pain sensation.
• Although the study was limited, kinesiology taping is a low-risk solution that may provide some relief.

Psychosocial involvement

• The possible presence of psychosocial causative factors in patients with TM should be considered from the outset. Explanation of pain and the influence of psychosocial factors should also be included in the treatment of TM alongside exercise therapy. ^[rx]

Manual therapy

• There is moderate evidence available for short-term relief of myofascial trigger points by Transcutaneous Electro Nerve Stimulation (TENS), acupuncture and magnet or laser therapy.^[rx][rx]
• Some studies have shown that in the short term acupuncture/dry needling can have the largest effect on pain. There is no evidence of effective treatment to reduce pain in the intermediate and long term periods.^[rx]
• There is conflicting evidence as to whether ultrasound therapy is no more effective than a placebo or somewhat more effective than other therapies in the treatment of myofascial trigger points. Ultrasound can, therefore, be used as a therapeutic modulation but is not recommended.^[rx]

Biofeedback training

• Biofeedback training can also be useful in the treatment of work-related neck and shoulder pain. A study has shown that six weeks of biofeedback training resulted in less pain and neck disability than active and passive treatment, which remained at 6 months post-intervention in the control.
• Ischaemic compression, a stretch of the upper trapezius muscle and transverse friction massage are manual techniques to help patients with TM. These techniques appear to have an instant improvement in pain. Long-term effects have not yet been well investigated.

References