Urine Elimination/Urine transport means the transport of water, ions, and secreted molecules that leave the collecting duct of the many nephrons of the kidney and flow into the ureters. The ureters are two tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Each ureter is a muscular tube that drains into the bladder. Composition … [Read more…]
Urine Storage /Urine transport means the transport of water, ions, and secreted molecules that leave the collecting duct of the many nephrons of the kidney and flow into the ureters. The ureters are two tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Each ureter is a muscular tube that drains into the bladder. … [Read more…]
Composition of Urine/Urine transport means the transport of water, ions, and secreted molecules that leave the collecting duct of the many nephrons of the kidney and flow into the ureters. The ureters are two tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Each ureter is a muscular tube that drains into the bladder. … [Read more…]
Urine transport means the transport of water, ions, and secreted molecules that leave the collecting duct of the many nephrons of the kidney and flow into the ureters. The ureters are two tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Each ureter is a muscular tube that drains into the bladder. Composition of … [Read more…]
Physiology of the Kidneys is the study of the physiology of the kidney. This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various … [Read more…]
Renal physiology is the study of the physiology of the kidney. This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D. Urine Formation is the liquid waste product of the human body. It contains … [Read more…]
Urine Formation is the liquid waste product of the human body. It contains urea, uric acid, salts, water and other waste products that are the result of various metabolic processes occurring in the body. It is formed in the primary excretory organs– the kidneys. The structural and functional unit of the kidneys is called the nephrons. Millions of nephrons are involved in the process … [Read more…]
The Kidneys are bean-shaped organs, with medial concavity and lateral convexity, weighing anywhere from 150 to 200 g in males and about 120 to 135 g in females. The dimensions are usually a length of 10 to 12 cm, a width of 5 to 7 cm, and a thickness of 3 to 5 cm. Each … [Read more…]
Metabolic reactions provide energy in multiple-step processes in which metabolites are oxidized. Biosynthetic reactions, which build the necessary compounds to maintain organisms, are often reduction reactions. Thus, organisms require both oxidizing and reducing agents. Metabolism refers to the dynamic changes of the molecules within a cell, especially those small molecules used as sources of energy and as precursors … [Read more…]
Proteins are the most versatile macromolecules in living systems and serve crucial functions in essentially all biological processes. They function as catalysts, transport and store other molecules such as oxygen, provide mechanical support and immune protection, generate movement, transmit nerve impulses, and control growth and differentiation. Indeed, much of this text will focus on understanding … [Read more…]
Lipids are compounds that are insoluble in water but are soluble in organic solvents such as ether and chloroform. Lipids that are important to our discussion include fats and oils (triglycerides or triacylglycerols), fatty acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol. Fats and oils are esters of glycerol and three fatty acids. They are important in the diet as … [Read more…]
Carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrients in the human diet, along with protein and fat. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates play an important role in the human body. They act as an energy source, help control blood glucose and insulin metabolism, participate in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and help with … [Read more…]