Dalrymple’s Sign

Dalrymple’s sign is a medical eye sign. It means that the upper eyelid is pulled up too high, so the opening between the lids looks very wide and more of the white part of the eye (sclera) is visible above the coloured part (cornea). In simple words, the eyes look “staring” or “wide-open” even when the person is relaxed. Most of the time this sign happens in people with an overactive thyroid gland (thyrotoxicosis), especially in Graves’ disease and thyroid eye disease.Wikipedia+2Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL+2

Dalrymple’s sign means that the opening between the upper and lower eyelids is wider than normal, so more of the white of the eye is visible above the coloured part. It is most often seen in people with an overactive thyroid, especially Graves’ disease. The upper eyelid is pulled upwards by overactive muscles and stimulation from thyroid hormones, so the eye looks “staring” or “frightened”. Dalrymple’s sign by itself is not a disease, but it is an important eye sign that tells doctors that the thyroid and the eye tissues may be overactive and inflamed. Wikipedia+1

In Graves’ eye disease (thyroid eye disease), immune cells attack tissues around the eye. The muscles that lift the eyelid become tight and shortened, and the fat and tissues behind the eye can swell. This makes the eye push forward and the lid pull up. Because of this, the cornea can dry and become irritated, and bright light can be painful. Treating the thyroid problem and protecting the eye surface can slowly improve Dalrymple’s sign, but some people still need medicines or surgery. EyeWiki+1

The main muscle that lifts the upper eyelid is called the levator palpebrae superioris. In thyroid eye disease, this muscle can be over-stimulated by the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) nervous system, or it can become tight and fibrotic. This makes the eyelid sit higher than normal, so the opening of the eyelid (palpebral fissure) becomes abnormally wide.ScienceDirect+1

Dalrymple’s sign is named after John Dalrymple, a British ophthalmologist who first described this typical eyelid retraction in people with exophthalmic goitre (Graves’ disease with bulging eyes). Today it is considered one of the most common eye signs in Graves orbitopathy and thyroid eye disease.EyeWiki+1

Because the lids are too high, the eye surface is more exposed to air. This can lead to dryness, irritation, redness, and even damage to the clear front surface of the eye (cornea) if it is not protected and treated properly.JAMA Network+2webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu+2

Other names

Dalrymple’s sign does not have many true “nicknames,” but it is often described by other simple phrases that mean almost the same thing. Doctors may use these descriptive names in reports or teaching:

• “Thyrotoxic lid retraction” – upper lid pulled up because of an overactive thyroid.Wikipedia+1

• “Graves eyelid retraction” or “Graves lid retraction” – lid retraction linked to Graves’ disease and Graves orbitopathy.Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL+1

• “Wide palpebral fissure in hyperthyroidism” – simple description that highlights the wide eyelid opening.mobile.fpnotebook.com

There are also other classic eye signs in Graves’ disease that are different but often seen together with Dalrymple’s sign: Stellwag’s sign (rare or incomplete blinking), Abadie’s sign (spasm of the levator muscle with lid retraction), von Graefe’s sign (lid lag on looking down), and others. These are related signs, not true alternate names, but they appear in the same group of thyroid eye signs.NCBI+2Wikipedia+2

Types of Dalrymple’s sign

Doctors do not always formally “classify” Dalrymple’s sign, but in practice they often think about it in types or patterns. This helps to judge how serious it is and what might be causing it.

1. Mild Dalrymple’s sign – only a small band of white sclera is visible above the cornea; the patient may not notice it, and it may be seen only on careful exam.

2. Moderate Dalrymple’s sign – a clear strip of sclera is visible, and people around the patient may notice that the eyes look abnormally wide or “staring.”

3. Severe Dalrymple’s sign – a large area of sclera is visible; the eyes look very prominent and exposed; symptoms such as dryness and irritation are common.JAMA Network+1

4. Unilateral Dalrymple’s sign – the upper eyelid retraction is present in only one eye. This may suggest asymmetric Graves eye disease, past eyelid surgery, trauma, or another local cause.ULY CLINIC

5. Bilateral Dalrymple’s sign – both eyes are involved. This is the most typical pattern in thyroid eye disease and diffuse thyrotoxicosis.EyeWiki+1

6. Active inflammatory type – eyelid retraction appears in the setting of active, inflamed thyroid eye disease, with red, swollen tissues around the eyes.

7. Chronic fibrotic type – eyelid retraction continues even after the thyroid function is corrected, due to long-standing scarring and tightening of the eyelid tissues.PMC+1

Causes of Dalrymple’s sign

1. Graves’ disease (Graves orbitopathy)
   This is the most common cause. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune thyroid disease in which antibodies stimulate the thyroid gland, causing excess thyroid hormone and inflammation in the tissues around the eyes. This leads to eyelid retraction, bulging eyes (proptosis), and other classic eye signs. Dalrymple’s sign is often one of the first and most frequent signs.EyeWiki+1

2. Diffuse thyrotoxicosis from any cause
   Any condition that makes the thyroid release too much hormone (thyrotoxicosis) can overstimulate the sympathetic nervous system. This can pull the upper lid up and widen the eye opening, even if full thyroid eye disease has not yet developed.Wikipedia+1

3. Toxic multinodular goitre
   In this condition, several overactive thyroid nodules make extra hormone. The body’s metabolism speeds up, and the eyelids can retract just like in Graves’ disease, giving the same wide-eyed look.

4. Toxic thyroid adenoma
   A single overactive nodule in the thyroid can also cause hyperthyroidism. With high thyroid hormone levels, eyelid retraction and Dalrymple’s sign may appear, especially if the condition lasts for some time.

5. Thyroiditis with a thyrotoxic phase (e.g., subacute thyroiditis)
   Some types of thyroid inflammation cause a temporary thyrotoxic phase. During this phase, the person may show signs of hyperthyroidism, including lid retraction, which may improve when the thyroid function returns to normal.

6. Excess thyroid hormone medication (iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis)
   If someone takes too much levothyroxine or other thyroid hormone, either accidentally or because of over-treatment, the body may become thyrotoxic. The high hormone levels can cause Dalrymple’s sign in the same way as natural hyperthyroidism.

7. Postpartum thyroiditis with transient hyperthyroid phase
   After pregnancy, some women develop postpartum thyroiditis. In the early hyperthyroid phase, the upper eyelids may retract. This is usually temporary and may settle as the thyroid function stabilizes.

8. Thyroid storm (extreme hyperthyroidism)
   Thyroid storm is a rare, life-threatening surge in thyroid hormone levels. The face often looks very anxious and “staring,” with pronounced lid retraction. This dramatic appearance reflects both hormone excess and strong sympathetic activation.

9. Early thyroid eye disease before clear proptosis
   In some people, eyelid retraction appears before obvious bulging of the eyes. Dalrymple’s sign can be an early clue that thyroid eye disease is starting, even if other eye changes are mild.EyeWiki+1

10. Chronic inactive thyroid eye disease with fibrosis
    After the active inflammatory phase, some patients are left with scarring and tightness in the eyelid tissues and muscles. This mechanical shortening keeps the upper lid too high, so Dalrymple’s sign persists even when thyroid hormone levels are normal.PMC+1

11. Sympathetic overactivity states (severe anxiety, panic, stress)
    Strong activation of the sympathetic nervous system, such as during acute anxiety or panic, can temporarily widen the palpebral fissure. The person may look wide-eyed, with a transient Dalrymple-like appearance that usually settles when the stress improves.

12. Pheochromocytoma and other catecholamine-secreting tumours
    These rare adrenal tumours release large amounts of adrenaline-like hormones. This can cause episodes of high blood pressure, palpitations, and a marked “staring” look with lid retraction due to intense sympathetic drive.

13. Use of stimulant drugs (e.g., amphetamines, cocaine)
    Stimulant drugs can also cause strong sympathetic stimulation. The eyes may appear wide and bright, with temporary eyelid retraction similar to Dalrymple’s sign. This is a reversible cause but can be dangerous for health.

14. Upper eyelid scarring after trauma
    Previous trauma, burns, scarring, or surgery involving the upper eyelid can shorten the skin and tissues. This mechanical shortening pulls the lid higher, mimicking Dalrymple’s sign, even without thyroid disease.ULY CLINIC

15. Upper eyelid retraction after cosmetic or ptosis surgery
    Over-correction of droopy eyelid (ptosis) surgery or some cosmetic lid procedures can leave the lid too high, producing a wide palpebral fissure and a Dalrymple-like appearance.

16. Long-standing proptosis from other orbital diseases
    Tumours, vascular malformations, or other orbital masses can push the eye forward. As the eye protrudes, the lid may be drawn up, and the sclera above the cornea becomes visible. This may look similar to Dalrymple’s sign, though the cause is different.webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu+1

17. Dorsal midbrain or brainstem lesions (Collier’s sign)
    Some lesions in the midbrain cause upper eyelid retraction called Collier’s sign. Clinically this may resemble Dalrymple’s sign, though the underlying mechanism is neurological rather than thyroid-related.

18. Congenital eyelid malpositions
    Rarely, some people are born with eyelids that sit higher than normal because of abnormal muscle insertion or eyelid structure. In such cases the eyes look wide from childhood, and this may be mistaken for Dalrymple’s sign.

19. Chronic facial muscle dystonias or spasms
    Certain movement disorders can cause abnormal tone or spasms of the muscles around the eyes. If the levator muscle is overactive, the lid can be held up too high, giving a Dalrymple-like appearance.

20. Idiopathic eyelid retraction
    In a few cases, no clear cause is found. The thyroid tests are normal, and imaging does not show a mass or obvious nerve problem. These cases are called idiopathic eyelid retraction, and the appearance is still similar to Dalrymple’s sign.

Symptoms linked with Dalrymple’s sign

1. Staring or wide-eyed appearance
   The most obvious symptom is that the person looks like they are staring or constantly surprised. Friends and family may notice this even before the patient becomes aware of it. This can cause embarrassment and social discomfort.Wikipedia+1

2. Eye dryness
   Because the eyes are more exposed to air, the tear film evaporates faster. The patient may complain that the eyes feel dry, especially in wind, air-conditioning, or while reading.

3. Gritty or foreign-body sensation
   Many patients describe a feeling like sand or grit in the eyes. This happens because the dry, exposed surface becomes irritated and slightly rough.webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu+1

4. Burning or stinging in the eyes
   The exposed corneal surface becomes sensitive and inflamed. This can lead to burning, stinging, and general discomfort, especially later in the day.

5. Redness of the eyes
   The white part of the eye (conjunctiva) may become red and inflamed due to constant exposure and dryness. This redness is often worse in the evenings or after long visual tasks.

6. Excess tearing (reflex watering)
   Ironically, dry eyes can cause more watering. When the surface is irritated and dry, the tear glands overreact and produce extra watery tears that may run down the face.

7. Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
   The unprotected eye surface can become very sensitive to bright light. Patients may squint, wear sunglasses, or avoid sunny environments.

8. Blurred vision
   An unstable tear film and corneal irritation can cause temporary blurring, especially when blinking less or staring at screens for long periods. If thyroid eye disease also affects the optic nerve, vision changes can become more serious.webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu+1

9. Eye pain or ache around or behind the eyes
   Some patients feel a dull ache or pressure around the eye sockets. This may be due to inflamed tissues, stretched muscles, or dryness of the surface.

10. Double vision (diplopia)
    In thyroid eye disease, the eye muscles that move the eyes can become thickened and stiff. This can lead to double vision, especially when looking up or sideways, and it often appears together with lid retraction.webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu+1

11. Difficulty closing the eyes fully (lagophthalmos)
    When the lid is retracted, the person may not be able to fully close the eye during sleep or blinking. This incomplete closure increases the risk of exposure damage.JAMA Network+1

12. Worsening symptoms at night or on waking
    Because the eyes may not close fully during sleep, the cornea can dry out overnight. People often wake with very dry, painful, or sticky eyes.

13. Headache or eye strain
    Constant irritation, light sensitivity, and effort to keep vision clear can lead to tension headaches and eye strain, especially with reading or screen work.

14. Cosmetic and psychological distress
    Many patients feel unhappy about their appearance. The “staring” look can make them feel anxious or self-conscious and may affect social and work life.

15. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism in the rest of the body
    Because Dalrymple’s sign is usually linked to thyroid overactivity, patients may also notice weight loss, heat intolerance, sweating, palpitations, tremor, and feeling restless or anxious. These systemic symptoms often lead the doctor to test thyroid function.EyeWiki+1

Diagnostic tests used when Dalrymple’s

When a doctor notices Dalrymple’s sign, they will try to confirm the cause, check eye health, and look for complications. Below are 20 important tests, grouped by type, each explained in simple language.

Physical exam tests

1. General eye inspection in primary gaze
   The doctor first looks at the face and eyes while the patient looks straight ahead. They check how high the upper eyelids sit, how much white sclera is visible, and whether the eyes look symmetric. This simple observation often shows Dalrymple’s sign clearly.Wikipedia+1

2. Measurement of palpebral fissure height
   Using a ruler or standard scale, the doctor measures the distance between the upper and lower eyelid margins. In Dalrymple’s sign this gap is wider than normal. Measuring it helps follow changes over time and compare sides.NCBI+1

3. Observation of scleral show and lid contour
   The examiner looks at how much sclera is visible above and below the cornea and watches the shape of the eyelid. In Dalrymple’s sign there is clear “scleral show” above the cornea, and the upper lid contour is higher than usual.

4. Assessment of lid lag and related signs
   The doctor asks the patient to look up and then slowly look down. In von Graefe’s sign, the upper eyelid fails to follow the eye smoothly and “lags” behind. This test helps to separate pure Dalrymple’s sign (static lid retraction) from other thyroid-related lid signs.NCBI+1

Manual clinical tests

5. Manual eyelid movement and resistance test
   The doctor gently lifts and lowers the upper lid to feel how freely it moves. In thyroid eye disease the lid may feel stiff or tight, suggesting fibrosis or muscle over-action. This manual assessment guides treatment decisions.PMC+1

6. Bell’s phenomenon and eyelid closure check
   The doctor asks the patient to close the eyes firmly while gently holding the lids. Normally, the eyeballs roll upward (Bell’s phenomenon), helping to protect the cornea. In Dalrymple’s sign with lagophthalmos, the lids may not close completely, so this check helps assess exposure risk.mobile.fpnotebook.com

7. Corneal sensitivity test with cotton wisp
   A thin cotton wisp is lightly touched to the corneal surface to see if the patient feels it and blinks. Reduced sensitivity plus eyelid retraction greatly increases the risk of corneal injury, so this simple test is important.

8. Forced duction test for extraocular muscle tightness
   With topical anaesthetic drops, the doctor gently moves the eye with forceps to see if any muscle is mechanically tight. In thyroid eye disease, the eye may resist movement in certain directions. This test helps explain double vision and guides surgical planning.webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu+1

Lab and pathological tests

9. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
   This is the key blood test for thyroid function. In hyperthyroidism, TSH is usually low or undetectable. If Dalrymple’s sign is present with low TSH, it strongly suggests thyrotoxicosis as the cause.EyeWiki+1

10. Free thyroxine (free T4)
    This test measures the main thyroid hormone in the blood. In thyrotoxicosis, free T4 is usually high. Combined with TSH, it confirms that the thyroid is overactive and may be responsible for the eyelid retraction.

11. Free triiodothyronine (free T3)
    Free T3 is another active thyroid hormone. Some patients have “T3 toxicosis,” where T3 is high even if T4 is still normal. Measuring it helps detect early or subtle hyperthyroidism in a patient with Dalrymple’s sign.

12. TSH-receptor antibodies (TRAb / TSI)
    These antibodies are often present in Graves’ disease and stimulate the thyroid. A positive result supports the diagnosis of Graves’ disease, which is the classic cause of Dalrymple’s sign and other eye findings.EyeWiki+1

13. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies
    TPO antibodies are markers of autoimmune thyroid disease. They help confirm an autoimmune process in the thyroid, even if it is not classic Graves, and support the link between thyroid disease and the eye sign.

14. Thyroglobulin antibodies
    These antibodies are another marker of autoimmune thyroid disease. Their presence suggests chronic immune activity in the thyroid gland, which often goes along with orbital changes in some patients.

15. Inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP)
    Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are simple markers of inflammation. High levels may point to active thyroiditis or active inflammatory thyroid eye disease, helping to time treatment.LSU Health New Orleans Med School+1

16. Complete blood count and basic metabolic panel
    These tests do not diagnose Dalrymple’s sign directly, but they help look for complications or alternative causes, such as anaemia, infection, or metabolic stress in a patient with hyperthyroidism and eye signs.

Electrodiagnostic tests

17. Visual evoked potentials (VEP)
    VEP measures how quickly and strongly the brain responds to visual signals from the eyes. In severe thyroid eye disease, swollen tissues can compress the optic nerve. VEP can detect early optic nerve damage even before major vision loss is obvious.webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu+1

18. Electro-oculography (EOG)
    EOG records the electrical changes as the eyes move. In complex cases with lid retraction and motility problems, EOG can help study eye movements and muscle function, especially in research or specialised centres.

Imaging tests

19. Orbital CT scan
    A CT scan of the orbits gives detailed images of the bones and soft tissues around the eyes. In thyroid eye disease it often shows enlargement of the extraocular muscles and crowding at the apex of the orbit. CT helps to confirm Graves orbitopathy, plan surgery, and rule out tumours or other causes of proptosis and eyelid retraction.webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu+1

20. Orbital MRI
    MRI uses magnetic fields to show soft tissues in great detail. It can show swollen muscles, inflamed fat, and compression of the optic nerve in active thyroid eye disease. MRI is especially helpful when doctors need to distinguish active inflammation (which may respond to steroids or other therapy) from chronic scarring.webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu+1

Non-Pharmacological Treatments (Therapies and Other Measures)

1. Cool compresses over the eyes
Placing a clean, cool, damp cloth over closed eyes can calm irritation and mild swelling. The purpose is to give short-term relief from burning, dryness, and redness linked with Dalrymple’s sign and thyroid eye disease. The cool temperature narrows small blood vessels and slightly slows inflammatory cells in the eyelids and conjunctiva. This simple mechanism helps reduce surface inflammation and makes the eyes feel more comfortable without using medicine.

2. Lubricating, preservative-free artificial tears
Although drops are technically “drugs”, simple over-the-counter artificial tears without preservatives are often used like a comfort measure. Their purpose is to replace the natural tear film that evaporates quickly because the eye is more exposed. They work by forming a smooth, moist layer over the cornea, lowering friction when you blink and protecting the surface from tiny damage spots caused by dryness.

3. Thick lubricating gel or ointment at night
At night, the eyelids may not close fully when Dalrymple’s sign is strong. A thicker gel or ointment used before sleep protects the cornea while you are lying down. It creates a long-lasting barrier on the eye surface, slowing tear evaporation and preventing the cornea from drying or developing small erosions. This protection reduces morning pain, blurred vision, and light sensitivity.

4. Sleeping with the head elevated
Raising the head of the bed or using extra pillows can reduce fluid congestion in the tissues around the eyes. The purpose is to lower morning puffiness and pressure that can worsen lid retraction and eye bulging. Gravity helps extra fluid drain from the orbit and eyelids, so the soft tissues are less swollen, and the eyes feel less tight and irritated when you wake up.

5. Protective sunglasses and wrap-around glasses
Wearing large wrap-around sunglasses outdoors protects eyes that are wide and exposed. The main goals are to block bright light, wind, dust, and small foreign particles. These glasses act as a physical shield, reducing evaporation of tears and lowering the risk of dryness and corneal irritation. They also improve comfort in sunlight, which often feels harsher when the eye is more open than normal.

6. Humidifier use in dry rooms
Using a room humidifier, especially in air-conditioned or heated rooms, can add moisture to the air. The purpose is to slow down how fast tears evaporate from the eye surface. When the air is more humid, the tear film stays stable for longer, so you blink more comfortably. This simple environmental mechanism can greatly ease symptoms caused by the extra exposure seen in Dalrymple’s sign.

7. Regular conscious blinking and screen breaks
People often blink less when they use phones or computers. In Dalrymple’s sign, this makes dryness worse. Setting reminders to blink fully and to look away from the screen every 20 minutes gives the eye a chance to re-spread tears. The blink movement itself is the mechanism: it spreads the tear film, clears small debris, and refreshes the corneal surface.

8. Eye taping or moisture shields at night (doctor-guided)
Some patients gently tape the eyelids shut or use clear moisture shields while sleeping, but only after training from an eye doctor. These methods aim to keep the lids closed and maintain a moist environment over the cornea overnight. Mechanically, they block evaporation and protect the eye from rubbing against pillows or bedding, reducing the risk of exposure keratopathy (damage from dryness).

9. Smoking cessation support
Smoking is a major risk factor for thyroid eye disease and makes signs like Dalrymple’s sign worse and more resistant to treatment. Stopping smoking, with help from counselling and nicotine-replacement therapy if needed, lowers harmful immune activation and improves blood flow to eye tissues. Over time, this reduces inflammation in the orbit and lowers the chance of disease progression. EyeWiki

10. Stress management and good sleep habits
Chronic stress and poor sleep can disrupt immune and hormone balance, worsening autoimmune thyroid disease. Relaxation techniques, breathing exercises, gentle yoga, and regular sleep patterns aim to calm the nervous system. This can reduce levels of stress hormones and inflammatory markers that may fuel thyroid overactivity and eye inflammation, indirectly helping Dalrymple’s sign.

11. Gentle eyelid stretching exercises (specialist-supervised)
In some cases, an eye specialist or oculoplastic surgeon may teach very gentle stretching or massage of the upper eyelid. The purpose is to reduce tightness of the retracted lid. Soft stretching may slightly lengthen the eyelid tissues and improve lid position. This must only be done under medical instruction to avoid injury.

12. Prism glasses
If lid retraction and eye changes cause double vision, a specialist can prescribe prism glasses. The purpose is to bend light subtly so that the images from both eyes line up better. This optical mechanism reduces eye strain and headaches, even if the lid position itself does not change, making daily tasks more comfortable.

13. Workstation and reading posture adjustment
Lowering screens and reading material so you look slightly downward can reduce the visible “staring” effect and lessen corneal exposure. The purpose is to change the gaze angle, so the upper eyelid covers more of the cornea. This mechanical change in position reduces evaporation and surface stress on the eye.

14. Warm compresses for meibomian gland function
While cool compresses calm swelling, warm compresses can help oily glands at the eyelid margin work better. The purpose is to melt thick secretions and improve the oily layer of the tear film. This oily layer slows evaporation, so the cornea stays moist longer. Better tear quality can ease discomfort from exposure.

15. Nutritional counselling for thyroid-friendly diet
A dietitian can help plan meals that support stable thyroid function and general eye health. This may include enough protein, antioxidants, selenium, and omega-3 fats. The mechanism is indirect: better nutrition supports immune regulation, tissue repair, and tear production, which can gradually support improvement of eye signs.

16. Protective eye shields during high-risk activities
When doing activities like cycling, swimming, or working in dusty areas, wearing goggles or shields is important. The goal is to prevent foreign bodies from striking the already exposed cornea. The mechanical barrier blocks trauma and limits drying from wind, lowering the risk of scratches and infections.

17. Guided makeup and cosmetic advice
Some people feel embarrassed about the wide-eyed look. Cosmetic advice on safe eyelid makeup or brow styling can help. While this does not change disease, it supports mental health and social confidence. Reduced stress and better mood can make it easier to follow medical treatments and lifestyle changes.

18. Psychological support and counselling
Thyroid eye disease and Dalrymple’s sign can strongly affect body image. Talking with a counsellor, psychologist, or support group helps people cope with anxiety, depression, or social fear. Better mental health improves adherence to medical care and may reduce stress-related immune activation.

19. Regular follow-up with endocrinology and ophthalmology
Keeping scheduled visits with a thyroid specialist and eye doctor is itself a key non-drug measure. Frequent review allows early detection of changes in vision, pressure, or corneal damage. Early response with medicines or procedures becomes easier, which can prevent permanent eye problems. EyeWiki

20. Education about thyroid eye disease and self-care
Clear education in simple language helps patients and families understand why the eyes look wide and how to protect them. When people know early warning signs and home-care steps, they can act quickly. This knowledge changes behaviour, improves safety, and supports shared decision-making with doctors.

Drug Treatments

Important: The medicines below are for general education. Doses are typical adult ranges from evidence-based sources such as FDA labels. Actual dose and choice must always be set by a qualified doctor, and you should never start or change prescription drugs on your own. FDA Access Data+3FDA Access Data+3FDA Access Data+3

1. Methimazole (Tapazole, generic)
Methimazole is an antithyroid drug used as a first-line treatment for hyperthyroidism, including Graves’ disease. It belongs to the thioamide class and is usually taken once or twice daily (for example 10–30 mg/day, adjusted by the doctor). Its purpose is to reduce thyroid hormone production at the thyroid gland. It blocks the enzyme thyroid peroxidase, which is needed to make T3 and T4. Common side effects include rash, joint pain, and rare but serious low white blood cells or liver injury. FDA Access Data+1

2. Propylthiouracil (PTU)
Propylthiouracil is another thioamide antithyroid medicine, often reserved for patients who cannot take methimazole or for specific cases such as early pregnancy or thyroid storm. Typical adult dosing might start around 50–150 mg three times daily, but this is strictly doctor-controlled. It blocks thyroid hormone production and also reduces conversion of T4 to T3 in the body. Serious liver injury and liver failure are rare but important risks, so doctors monitor carefully. FDA Access Data+1

3. Radioactive iodine (I-131) therapy
Radioactive iodine is not a daily pill but a one-time or repeated oral treatment used to destroy overactive thyroid tissue. It is given in a carefully calculated dose in capsule or liquid form. The purpose is to permanently reduce thyroid hormone output, helping control Graves’ disease. I-131 is taken up by thyroid cells and slowly destroys them from inside by local radiation. Side effects include neck soreness, gradual hypothyroidism, and sometimes worsening of eye disease, so eye status must be monitored closely.

4. Propranolol (Inderal, others)
Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker used to control symptoms such as fast heart rate, tremor, and anxiety in hyperthyroidism. It does not fix the underlying thyroid problem but improves comfort while other treatments work. Oral dosing often ranges from 10–40 mg three or four times daily, depending on heart rate and blood pressure. It blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing the effect of adrenaline. Side effects include low heart rate, low blood pressure, fatigue, and breathing problems in people with asthma. FDA Access Data+1

5. Atenolol or other selective beta-blockers
Atenolol and similar beta-1 selective blockers may be used when propranolol is not suitable. They are usually taken once or twice per day, with doses like 25–100 mg depending on the patient. Their purpose is to relieve palpitations and high heart rate due to excess thyroid hormone. By mainly blocking beta-1 receptors in the heart, they slow heart rate and lower blood pressure. Side effects can include tiredness, cold hands, and, rarely, mood changes.

6. Systemic corticosteroids (prednisone, methylprednisolone)
Oral or intravenous steroids are widely used in active thyroid eye disease to reduce inflammation and swelling behind the eye. Typical regimens may involve high-dose pulses or tapering courses designed by specialists. The purpose is to quickly control pain, redness, and progressive eye changes that include lid retraction. Steroids dampen immune cell activity and inflammatory signals. Side effects can include weight gain, mood swings, high blood sugar, infection risk, and bone thinning, especially with long-term use. EyeWiki

7. Teprotumumab (Tepezza)
Teprotumumab is a modern biologic drug specifically approved by the FDA for thyroid eye disease. It is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), which plays a role in orbital inflammation and tissue expansion. It is given as an intravenous infusion every three weeks, for eight doses. The purpose is to reduce eye bulging, lid retraction, and inflammation. Clinical trials show significant benefit, but side effects can include muscle cramps, high blood sugar, hearing problems, and infusion reactions. EyeWiki+3FDA Access Data+3FDA Access Data+3

8. Cyclosporine eye drops
Cyclosporine eye drops are used in some patients to treat inflammation and dryness on the eye surface. The drug is an immunomodulator that reduces T-cell activity in the conjunctiva and lacrimal glands. It is usually applied one or two times daily. The purpose is to improve natural tear production and reduce burning and redness. Side effects can include temporary stinging or irritation when the drop is placed.

9. Lubricating eye drops and gels (OTC)
Non-prescription lubricating drops and gels are standard for symptom relief. They are used several times a day or as needed to protect the cornea. Their purpose is to replace and stabilize the tear film, so the extra exposed eye surface does not dry out. They act mechanically rather than hormonally, but are still “drugs” in regulation. Side effects are usually mild and may include brief blurred vision or allergy to preservatives.

10. Hypertonic saline eye drops or ointment
In some patients with corneal swelling due to exposure, hypertonic saline drops or ointment are used. They contain a higher salt concentration, which draws excess fluid out of the cornea. This can sharpen vision and reduce discomfort. They are applied several times per day, as directed. Possible side effects include temporary stinging when applied.

11. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for steroid protection
When high-dose steroids are used, doctors may prescribe PPIs like omeprazole to protect the stomach. These drugs are taken orally once or twice daily. They block the proton pump in stomach parietal cells, lowering acid production. This reduces the risk of stomach ulcers or bleeding linked to steroid use. Side effects may include headache, diarrhoea or constipation, and, with long use, potential nutrient absorption issues.

12. Calcium and vitamin D supplements with steroids
Long-term steroid use can harm bones, so calcium and vitamin D are often added. These supplements support bone strength and help reduce steroid-induced osteoporosis. Vitamin D improves calcium absorption from the gut and helps bone cells function. Side effects are rare at normal doses, but excessive intake can cause high calcium levels.

13. Mycophenolate mofetil
Mycophenolate is an immunosuppressive drug sometimes used as a steroid-sparing agent in autoimmune eye diseases. It is taken orally in divided doses. It inhibits an enzyme needed for lymphocyte DNA synthesis, reducing immune attack on orbital tissues. The purpose is to control inflammation with lower steroid doses. Side effects may include stomach upset, infection risk, and low blood counts. Its use in thyroid eye disease is specialist-guided and often off-label.

14. Azathioprine
Azathioprine is another immunosuppressant used in some autoimmune disorders. It is taken orally, with dose adjusted by weight and lab tests. It works by impairing DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing immune cells, lowering auto-immune activity. It may be used when other treatments are not enough. Side effects include bone marrow suppression, liver enzyme elevation, and infection risk, so careful blood monitoring is required.

15. Rituximab
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD20-positive B cells. In some severe, resistant thyroid eye disease cases, it may be considered by specialist teams. It is given as intravenous infusions. By depleting B cells, it reduces production of autoantibodies that drive Graves’ disease. Side effects can include infusion reactions, infection risk, and rare serious events like progressive brain infection. Its role remains more limited and is carefully weighed.

16. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulses
For very active and sight-threatening eye disease, high-dose IV methylprednisolone may be given in pulses over several days or weeks. This fast, powerful steroid delivery aims to rapidly stop inflammation compressing the optic nerve or damaging the cornea. The mechanism is a strong temporary suppression of many immune pathways. Side effects can be serious, including heart, liver, and psychiatric complications if not carefully monitored. EyeWiki

17. Lubricating ophthalmic ointments (night-time use)
Thick ointments are classed as drugs but act mainly as physical protectors. They are used at bedtime to coat the cornea and provide long-lasting moisture. The purpose is to prevent exposure keratopathy while the person sleeps with partially open lids. Ointments work by forming a greasy layer that resists evaporation. Side effects include temporary blurred vision after application.

18. Topical steroid eye drops (short-term, specialist use)
In specific cases with surface inflammation, low-dose steroid eye drops may be prescribed for short periods. They reduce redness and swelling on the conjunctiva and cornea by suppressing local inflammation. They are applied several times daily, then tapered. Side effects include raised eye pressure and cataract risk if used too long, so eye doctors monitor closely.

19. Antidepressants or anti-anxiety medicines (as needed)
The emotional impact of thyroid eye disease can be large. In some patients, doctors may prescribe antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs to support mental health. These medicines improve mood or reduce severe anxiety, helping patients cope better with physical symptoms and treatment plans. Each class has specific mechanisms and potential side effects, so they must be monitored carefully.

20. Lubricating contact lenses or scleral lenses (medically fitted)
Special large-diameter contact lenses, like scleral lenses, are sometimes used. They vault over the cornea and hold a fluid reservoir against the eye. This protects the surface from exposure and creates a stable optical surface. These lenses are medical devices that require fitting by a specialist and regular follow-up. Side effects can include discomfort, infection risk, or poor fit if not monitored.

Dietary Molecular Supplements

Always talk with your doctor before starting any supplement, especially if you have thyroid disease or take other medicines.

1. Selenium
Selenium is a trace mineral often studied in Graves’ and thyroid eye disease. Typical supplemental doses are around 100–200 micrograms per day, within safe limits set by guidelines. Selenium is a co-factor for antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, which help remove harmful free radicals from thyroid and eye tissues. By lowering oxidative stress, selenium may modestly improve eye symptoms and slow disease activity in some patients. EyeWiki

2. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil, algae oil)
Omega-3 supplements usually provide EPA and DHA in doses such as 500–1000 mg per day, based on medical advice. They have anti-inflammatory effects by changing the types of eicosanoids and resolvins made in the body. This can reduce low-grade inflammation in eyelid glands and ocular surface, supporting tear quality. Omega-3s also support heart health, which is helpful in hyperthyroid patients with fast heart rate.

3. Vitamin D
Vitamin D supplements are commonly used if blood levels are low, with doses like 800–2000 IU daily under supervision. Vitamin D acts as a hormone that influences immune regulation and bone health. Adequate levels help keep the immune system balanced, which is important in autoimmune conditions like Graves’ disease. It also protects against steroid-induced bone loss when steroids are used for eye disease.

4. Vitamin C
Vitamin C, often taken at 250–500 mg once or twice daily, is a water-soluble antioxidant vitamin. It helps recycle other antioxidants and supports collagen synthesis in connective tissues around the eye. By reducing oxidative stress, vitamin C may support healing of irritated ocular surfaces and general immune function. Excessively high doses can cause stomach upset and kidney stone risk in some people, so moderate intake is best.

5. Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. Supplemental doses are usually kept modest (for example, 100–200 IU per day) to avoid bleeding risk. In theory, Vitamin E can protect orbital fat cells and muscle membranes from free radical injury during inflammation. It should be used cautiously in people taking blood thinners.

6. Zinc
Zinc supplements, often 10–25 mg per day, support immune function, wound healing, and enzyme activity. Zinc is important for thyroid hormone metabolism and for maintaining healthy skin and mucous membranes, including the ocular surface. Adequate zinc may support better repair of irritated corneal tissue. Very high zinc doses can cause nausea and interfere with copper balance, so medical guidance is needed.

7. L-carnitine
L-carnitine helps transport fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. Some small studies suggest that L-carnitine may reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism because it can counteract thyroid hormone effects in tissues. Typical doses might be 1–2 grams per day under medical supervision. Its mechanism includes modulating energy use and possibly reducing tissue sensitivity to excess thyroid hormones.

8. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
CoQ10 is a key part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and a lipid-soluble antioxidant. Doses often range from 100–200 mg per day. It supports energy production in muscle and nerve cells, including those around the eye. By improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress, CoQ10 may help tissues cope better with the metabolic stress of hyperthyroidism.

9. Curcumin (from turmeric)
Curcumin is the active compound in turmeric, often taken as a standardized extract with enhanced absorption in doses like 250–500 mg per day. It has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, acting on pathways such as NF-κB. This may help reduce chronic inflammation that contributes to autoimmune thyroid and eye problems. Curcumin can interact with blood thinners, so supervision is important.

10. Probiotic supplements
Probiotics contain beneficial bacteria strains and are usually taken daily in capsule or yoghurt-like products. They aim to support a healthy gut microbiome, which in turn influences immune balance through the gut-immune axis. Better gut flora may help reduce autoimmune activity and systemic inflammation. Specific strains and doses vary, so products should be chosen with professional advice.

Immune-Boosting and Regenerative / Stem-Cell-Related Therapies

1. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN – experimental use)
Low-dose naltrexone is sometimes explored off-label in autoimmune diseases. At small night-time doses (for example 1.5–4.5 mg), it briefly blocks opioid receptors, leading to a rebound increase in endorphins and possible immune modulation. The idea is to gently rebalance immune responses and reduce auto-inflammation. Evidence in thyroid eye disease is limited, so any use must be research-based and doctor-guided.

2. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (research stage)
Mesenchymal stem cells, taken from bone marrow or fat, are being studied for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. They can release anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors that help repair tissues and calm immune attack. In theory, they could reduce inflammation and fibrosis in orbital tissues. At present this is experimental and usually given only within clinical trials, with dosing and protocols strictly controlled.

3. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (for severe autoimmune disease)
In extremely severe, life-threatening autoimmune conditions, doctors sometimes reset the immune system using hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Patients receive chemotherapy to wipe out faulty immune cells, then get their own or donor stem cells back to rebuild the marrow. This can deeply change immune behaviour but carries serious risks, including infection and organ damage, so it is not standard for Dalrymple’s sign or typical thyroid eye disease.

4. Biological immune modulators (rituximab as example)
Rituximab, described earlier, is a B-cell-depleting antibody. It works by targeting CD20 on B lymphocytes, lowering autoantibody production. This immune reset can help some patients with stubborn Graves’ eye disease, which in turn may reduce signs such as lid retraction. Dosing follows strict infusion protocols. Because infection risk and rare serious side effects exist, it is reserved for selected cases.

5. Mycophenolate and azathioprine as immune-balancing drugs
Mycophenolate and azathioprine are not classic “immune boosters” but immune modulators. By reducing over-active immune responses, they can protect tissues from ongoing attack. This can allow natural repair and regeneration in affected orbital structures. Doses are individualized and require careful lab monitoring to avoid low blood counts or liver problems.

6. Future regenerative eye-surface therapies
Researchers are exploring regenerative treatments like limbal stem cell grafts, growth factor eye drops, and tissue-engineering scaffolds for the ocular surface. These approaches aim to restore damaged corneal epithelium and normal tear film after long-term exposure. While not standard yet for Dalrymple’s sign, they show how regenerative medicine may one day help eyes recover structure and function after chronic thyroid eye disease.

Surgical Options

1. Orbital decompression surgery
Orbital decompression is a major surgery where bone and sometimes fat are removed from the walls of the eye socket. The purpose is to create more space so the eye can move back into a safer position. By reducing forward bulging, it can lessen exposure, pressure on the optic nerve, and the severity of Dalrymple’s sign. It is done in hospital by an oculoplastic surgeon under general anaesthesia.

2. Eyelid retraction surgery (upper lid recession)
In this surgery, the muscles and tissues that pull the upper lid up are partly released or lengthened. The goal is to lower the upper eyelid to cover more of the cornea, reducing the staring look and protecting the eye surface. The procedure is often done after the disease has become stable, to avoid repeated operations. Recovery includes some swelling and temporary bruising.

3. Tarsorrhaphy (partial eyelid closure)
Tarsorrhaphy is a procedure where the outer parts of the upper and lower eyelids are partly stitched together, either temporarily or permanently. This narrows the opening of the eye, so the cornea is less exposed, especially during sleep or in severe exposure keratopathy. It is usually chosen when less-invasive measures are not enough or when vision is in danger.

4. Strabismus (eye muscle) surgery
Some patients with thyroid eye disease develop double vision because the eye muscles become tight and fibrotic. Strabismus surgery adjusts these muscles to improve alignment. Better alignment can reduce strain and sometimes allows the eyelids to sit more naturally over the eyes. It is often performed after orbital decompression once the disease is inactive.

5. Cosmetic blepharoplasty and fine-tuning procedures
After main functional surgeries are done, some patients have cosmetic eyelid surgery to improve symmetry, remove excess skin, or refine lid contours. While “cosmetic”, these procedures can also help comfort by adjusting folds that rub on the cornea or lashes that turn inward. The purpose is to restore a more natural appearance and support psychological well-being after a long illness course.

Key Preventions and Self-Care Tips

1. Keep thyroid hormone levels well-controlled through regular check-ups and taking prescribed medicines exactly as directed.

2. Do not smoke; if you smoke now, seek help to stop, because smoking makes thyroid eye disease worse and harder to treat. EyeWiki

3. Protect your eyes from wind, dust, and bright light with suitable glasses whenever you are outdoors.

4. Use lubricating eye drops or gels regularly if your doctor recommends them, especially in dry or air-conditioned environments.

5. Follow a balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, lean protein, and healthy fats to support immune and tissue health.

6. Manage stress with healthy methods like exercise, relaxation techniques, and enough sleep instead of relying on stimulants.

7. Avoid unnecessary excess iodine (like high-dose iodine supplements) unless your thyroid doctor specifically prescribes them.

8. Keep other illnesses such as diabetes and high blood pressure under good control, as they can add strain to eye and nerve tissues.

9. Attend all planned visits with your endocrinologist and eye specialist, even when you feel better, so they can detect changes early.

10. Learn your personal warning signs (such as sudden worsened double vision or pain) and have a clear plan with your doctor for what to do.

When to See a Doctor (and for Teens, Involve a Parent or Guardian)

You should see a doctor promptly if you notice that your eyes look wider or more “staring” than normal, especially if you already know you have thyroid disease. Seek urgent medical help if you have eye pain, redness that is getting worse, new or sudden double vision, blurred or dark vision, or if lights seem dimmer in one eye. These can be signs of serious pressure on the optic nerve or damage to the cornea. Also, see a doctor if your heart races, you feel shaky, lose weight quickly, or cannot tolerate heat, because these may mean your thyroid hormone levels are too high. If you are under 18, always talk with a parent or guardian and let them help you arrange appointments and understand treatment options.

What to Eat and What to Avoid

1. Eat selenium-rich foods such as Brazil nuts (in small amounts), eggs, and fish, within safe limits discussed with your doctor.

2. Include oily fish like salmon, sardines, or plant sources of omega-3 (chia, flax) to support anti-inflammatory effects.

3. Enjoy plenty of colourful fruits and vegetables, which provide antioxidants that protect eye and thyroid tissues.

4. Choose whole grains and lean proteins (beans, lentils, poultry, tofu) to keep your energy stable and support tissue repair.

5. Drink enough water throughout the day to support tear production and overall metabolism.

6. Avoid very high-iodine foods and supplements (like large amounts of kelp or seaweed tablets) unless your endocrinologist recommends them.

7. Limit highly processed, salty, and sugary foods, which can worsen inflammation and fluid retention around the eyes.

8. Cut down on caffeine and energy drinks if they make your heart race or worsen anxiety linked to hyperthyroidism.

9. Use alcohol, if at all, only within medical advice, because it can affect liver function, especially if you take antithyroid drugs or other medicines.

10. Do not take “thyroid support” or “immune boost” supplements sold online without checking with your doctor, because they may contain unsafe iodine or hormone-like ingredients.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Is Dalrymple’s sign itself dangerous?
Dalrymple’s sign is mainly a visible sign that the eyelids are pulled up and the eyes are more open. On its own it is not usually dangerous, but it often means that thyroid eye disease or hyperthyroidism is active. The main risks come from dryness, corneal damage, or pressure on the optic nerve if the overall eye disease becomes severe.

2. Can Dalrymple’s sign go away on its own?
In some patients, Dalrymple’s sign improves when the thyroid disease is well treated and the eye inflammation settles. This can take many months. In others, the lid retraction remains, and surgery may be needed to correct it. Early control of thyroid hormones and avoidance of smoking improve the chance of partial or full improvement. EyeWiki

3. How is Dalrymple’s sign different from exophthalmos (eye bulging)?
Dalrymple’s sign refers to the upper eyelid being high and the eye opening being wide. Exophthalmos or proptosis means the whole eye globe is pushed forward out of the socket. Many patients with thyroid eye disease have both, but they are different features. Treatments like orbital decompression mainly help exophthalmos, whereas eyelid surgery targets Dalrymple’s sign.

4. Does every person with Graves’ disease have Dalrymple’s sign?
No, not everyone. Dalrymple’s sign is common in thyroid eye disease and hyperthyroidism, but the degree varies. Some people have only mild lid retraction that is hard to notice, while others have very obvious “staring” eyes. Eye signs may appear before, during, or after thyroid hormone problems are detected. EyeWiki+1

5. Are over-the-counter “eye whitening” drops safe for Dalrymple’s sign?
Many eye whitening drops contain agents that shrink blood vessels temporarily. They may make the eyes look less red, but they do not fix lid retraction or thyroid disease. Over-use can cause rebound redness and irritation. For people with Dalrymple’s sign and exposure, simple lubricating drops or gels are usually safer choices, under eye-doctor advice.

6. Can I wear contact lenses if I have Dalrymple’s sign?
Some patients can still wear contact lenses, but dryness and exposure can make them uncomfortable or unsafe. In more severe cases, special scleral lenses fitted by an eye specialist can both correct vision and protect the cornea with a fluid layer. Always discuss lens use with your eye doctor, and do not force contact lenses if your eyes feel painful or gritty.

7. Will glasses alone help Dalrymple’s sign?
Regular glasses do not change lid position, but they can protect the eye surface and improve vision if there is refractive error. Tinted or wrap-around glasses reduce light sensitivity and dryness by shielding wind and dust. Prism glasses can help if double vision is present. So, while glasses do not cure the sign, they are a helpful part of overall care.

8. Is surgery always needed for Dalrymple’s sign?
No. Many patients are managed with medicines, lubricants, lifestyle measures, and biologic treatments such as teprotumumab. Surgery is usually reserved for people whose disease has “burned out” but who still have significant lid retraction, discomfort, or cosmetic concern. In sight-threatening cases, emergency surgery like decompression may be needed earlier. FDA Access Data+1

9. How long does treatment for thyroid eye disease usually last?
Active thyroid eye disease often lasts from several months to a couple of years. During this active phase, signs like Dalrymple’s sign can change quickly. After that, the disease becomes stable, and the focus shifts to long-term correction with surgery if needed. Thyroid hormone control, however, is usually life-long, with ongoing endocrinology follow-up. EyeWiki

10. Can teenagers or young adults get Dalrymple’s sign?
Yes, although thyroid eye disease is more common in adults, it can affect younger people too. In teenagers, it is especially important to involve parents or guardians and paediatric or adolescent specialists. Young people should never start or stop prescription drugs without medical supervision, as their bodies are still developing and doses need careful adjustment.

11. Are herbal remedies enough to treat Dalrymple’s sign?
Herbal products alone cannot correct an overactive thyroid or reverse significant thyroid eye disease. Some herbs may have mild calming or antioxidant effects, but they can also interact with prescription medicines or contain hidden thyroid-active substances. Any herbal use should be discussed with your doctor and cannot replace evidence-based medical and surgical care.

12. Does using the computer or phone make Dalrymple’s sign worse?
Screen use itself does not cause Dalrymple’s sign, but it can increase dryness and discomfort because blinking rate falls when you stare at screens. With already widened eyelids, the cornea dries even faster. Taking regular breaks, keeping the screen slightly lower, and using lubricating drops can help reduce these symptoms.

13. Can exercise help with Dalrymple’s sign?
Exercise does not change eyelid position directly, but regular moderate physical activity supports general health, stress reduction, and hormone balance. This can support thyroid management and mood. Very intense exercise should be discussed with your doctor if you have uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, because it can strain the heart.

14. Is pregnancy safe if I have Graves’ disease and Dalrymple’s sign?
Many people with Graves’ disease can have safe pregnancies with careful planning. Some medicines (like methimazole and PTU) have specific rules in pregnancy, and radioactive iodine is usually avoided. Eye disease may change during pregnancy, so close monitoring by endocrinology, obstetrics, and ophthalmology is important. Talk with your doctors before trying to conceive. FDA Access Data+1

15. What is the most important thing I can do today if I notice wide, staring eyes?
The single most important step is to book a medical review with a doctor—ideally an endocrinologist or general doctor who can check your thyroid, and an eye specialist if needed. While waiting, protect your eyes with lubricating drops, sunglasses, and avoiding smoke. If you are a minor, tell a parent or trusted adult right away so they can help you get prompt care. Early attention gives you the best chance to protect your sight and manage the underlying disease safely.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: December o3 , 2025.