Muscles of the Lower Limb; Types, Functions, Movement

Gluteal Group

Key muscles of the hip – The gluteus maximus can be seen at the top, cut away to expose the underlying muscles. Muscles in the gluteal group are superficially located and act mainly to abduct and extend the thigh at the hip.

Adductor Group

(a) Adductor Group Muscles and (b) Key muscles associated with movement at the hip: The deep-lying adductor group muscles originate from the pubis and attach to the length of the femur. The iliac and psoas major comprise the iliopsoas group and can be seen at the pelvis and lower spine. The five muscles of the adductor group are responsible for the adduction of the thigh, although several have additional functions.

Other Muscles

There are several other muscles that induce movement around the hip joint.

Psoas Major – The psoas major is located deep in the back near the midline immediately adjacent to the spine. The iliacus and psoas major comprise the iliopsoas group.

• Attachments: Originates from the base of the spine, combining with the iliacus to attach to the femur.
• Actions: Flexing of the thigh at the hip joint.

Iliacus  – The iliacus muscle is a large, fan-shaped muscle which lines the interior of the pelvis. The iliacus and psoas major comprise the iliopsoas group.

• Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and the base of the spine, combining with the psoas major to attach to the femur.
• Actions: Flexing of the thigh at the hip joint.

Sartorius – The sartorius is a long thin muscle in the thigh, the longest muscle in the body.

• Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and attaches to the tibia.
• Actions: Flexing, abducting and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.

Pectineus – The pectineus muscle is a large flat muscle found in the thigh.

• Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and attaches to the femur.
• Actions: Adduction and flexing at the thigh at the hip joint.

Biceps Femoris – A similar muscle to the biceps brachii in the upper arm, also double-headed. Two synergistic muscles are associated with the biceps femoris, the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus.

• Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and femur and attaches to the fibula.
• Actions: Extends and laterally rotates at the hip. The main action is flexing of the lower leg at the knee.

Muscles that Cause Movement at the Knee Joint

Three sets of muscles (popliteus, quadriceps and hamstrings) allow for movement, balance, and stability at the knee joint.

Anterior Muscles of the Thigh

(a) Posterior muscles of the thigh and (b) posterior region of the lower leg: The biceps femoris and synergistic semitendinosus and the semimembranosus muscles are responsible for flexing of the lower leg at the knee. Posterior view of muscles of the lower leg, the popliteus can be seen at the top located behind the knee.

Sartorius – The sartorius, a thin muscle in the thigh, the is the body’s longest muscle.

• Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and attaches to the tibia.
• Actions: Flexing of the lower leg at the knee joint.

Quadriceps Femoris – The quadriceps femoris is actually composed of four muscles that comprise the front of the thigh: three deep-lying vastus muscles (lateral, intermedius, and medialis) and the rectus femoris which covers them. All four muscles are the key extensors of the lower leg at the knee joint and also stabilize and protect the patella.

• Attachments: The vastus lateralis, intermedius, and medialis originate from the femur and attach to the patella. The rectus femoris originates from the pelvis and attaches to the patella.
• Actions: Extends the lower leg at the knee joint and stabilizes the patella. The rectus femoris additionally facilitates rotation at the hip.

Posterior Muscles of the Thigh

There are three muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh: the biceps femoris and two synergistic muscles (the semitendinosus and semimembranosus). These muscles are sometimes termed the hamstring group. The posterior region of the thigh displays similarity with the anterior region of the upper arm in both structure and function.

Biceps Femoris – A similar muscle to the biceps brachii in the upper arm and also double-headed. Two synergistic muscles are associated with the biceps femoris, the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus.

• Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and femur and attaches to the fibula.
• Actions: Extends and laterally rotates at the hip, the main action is flexing of the lower leg at the knee.

Biceps Femoris Long Head

• Origin: Common (conjoint) tendon from the superior medial quadrant of the posterior ischial tuberosity (with semitendinosus)
• Insertion: Majority onto the fibular head; also the lateral collateral ligament of the knee and lateral tibial condyle
• Action: Flexion of the knee, and lateral rotation of the tibia; extension of the hip joint
• Innervation: Tibial nerve (a portion of the sciatic nerve)
• Arterial Supply: Perforating (muscular) branches of profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery

Biceps Femoris Short Head

• Origin: Lateral lip of linea aspera, the lateral intermuscular septum of the thigh, and lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
• Insertion: Majority on the fibular head; and lateral collateral ligament of the knee, and lateral tibial condyle
• Action: Flexion of the knee, and lateral rotation of the tibia
• Innervation: Common peroneal nerve (a portion of the sciatic nerve)
• Arterial Supply: Perforating (muscular) branches of profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery

Semimembranosus

• Origin: Superior lateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity
• Insertion: The posterior surface of the medial tibial condyle
• Action: Extension of the hip, flexion of the knee, and medial rotation of the tibia (specifically with knee flexion)
• Innervation: Tibial nerve (a portion of the sciatic nerve)
• Arterial Supply: Perforating (muscular) branches of profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery

Semitendinosus

• Origin: The common (conjoint) tendon from the superior medial quadrant of the posterior ischial tuberosity (with biceps femoris long head)
• Insertion: Superior aspect of the medial tibial shaft (into the distal portion of the pes anserinus along with the gracious and sartorius muscles)
• Action: Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee, medial rotation of the tibia (specifically with knee flexion)
• Innervation: Tibial nerve (a portion of the sciatic nerve)
• Arterial Supply: Perforating (muscular) branches of the profundal femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery.

Other Muscles

Popliteus – The popliteus is located behind the knee joint and acts to “unlock” the knee by rotating the femur on the tibia allowing for the lower leg to be flexed.

• Attachments: Originates from the posterior of the tibia and attaches to the femur.
• Actions: Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia “unlocking” the knee joint so that flexion can occur.

Muscles that Cause Movement at the Ankle

Anterior Compartment

(a) Anterior Compartment of the Leg and (b) Posterior Compartment of the leg: Anterior view of leg showing the muscles and tendons involved in ankle movement. : Posterior view of leg showing muscles and tendons involved in ankle movement. Three muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg act to dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint.

Tibialis Anterior – The tibialis anterior muscle is located alongside the lateral surface of the tibia and is the strongest dorsiflexor of the foot.

• Attachments: Originates from the lateral surface of the tibia and attaches to the base of the big toe.
• Actions: Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.

Extensor Digitorum Longus – The extensor digitorum longus is a deep-lying extrinsic muscle that runs the length of the tibia.

• Attachments: Originates from the tibia and transitions into a tendon, passes into the foot, split into four, and attaches to the toes.
• Actions: Extension of the toes and dorsiflexion of the foot.

Extensor Hallucis Longus – The extensor hallucis longus is a deep-lying extrinsic muscle beneath the extensor digitorum longus.

• Attachments: Originates from the fibula and attaches to the big toe.
• Actions: Extension of the big toe, and dorsiflexion of the foot.

Posterior Compartment

Several muscles are located in the posterior compartment of the leg, typically grouped into superficial and basal groups. The majority of these muscles work to plantarflex the foot at the ankle.

Superficial Muscles

The superficial muscles give rise to the characteristic shape of the lower leg.

Gastrocnemius – The gastrocnemius, a two-headed muscle, is the most superficial of the muscles in the posterior compartment.

• Attachments: Both heads originate from the femur. The fibers converge to form the calcaneal tendon which attaches to the heel.
• Actions: Plantarflexes the foot, can also flex the lower leg at the knee but is not key in this movement.

Plantaris – The plantaris is a small muscle lying between the gastrocnemius and soleus. It is absent in 10% of people.

• Attachments: Originates from the femur and attaches to the heel via the calcaneal tendon.
• Actions: Plantarflexes the foot, can also flex the lower leg at the knee but is not key in this movement.

Soleus – The soleus is a large flat muscle which is the deepest lying of the superficial muscles.

• Attachments: Originates from the tibia and fibula and attaches to the heel via the calcaneal tendon.
• Actions: Plantarflexes the foot.

Deep Muscles

Tibialis Posterior – The tibialis posterior is the deepest lying of the muscles in the posterior compartment.

• Attachments: Originates from the tibia and fibula and attaches to the plantar surfaces of the toes.
• Actions: Inverts and plantarflexes the foot, maintains the arch of the foot.

Lateral Compartment

Two muscles found in the lateral compartment function to control the eversion of the foot. Physiologically, there is a preference for the foot to invert, so these muscles also prevent excessive inversion.

Fibularis Longus – The fibularis longus is the longer and more superficial of the two muscles.

• Attachments: Originates from the fibula and tibia. The fibers converge into a tendon that passes under the foot and attaches to the medial side of the foot.
• Actions: Eversion and plantarflexion of the foot.

Fibularis Brevis – The fibularis brevis muscles are the deeper and shorter of the two muscles.

• Attachments: Originates from the lateral surface of the fibula and attaches to the little toe.
• Actions: Eversion of the foot.

Dorsal Compartment

Although many extrinsic muscles attach within the dorsal compartment, there are only three intrinsic muscles that act on the foot and two extrinsic muscles which act on the foot rather than the ankle.

Extensor Digitorum Longus – The extensor digitorum longus is a deep-lying extrinsic muscle that lies runs down the length of the tibia.

• Attachments: Originates from the tibia and transitions into a tendon, passes into the foot, split into four, and attaches to the toes.
• Actions: Extension of the toes.

Extensor Digitorum Brevis – The extensor digitorum brevis muscle is a deep-lying intrinsic muscle lying beneath the tendon of the extensor digitorum longus.

• Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to the toes.
• Actions: Extension of the toes.

Extensor Hallucis Longus – The extensor hallucis longus is a deep-lying extrinsic muscle lying beneath the extensor digitorum longus.

• Attachments: Originates from the fibula and attaches to the big toe.
• Actions: Extension of the big toe.

Extensor Hallucis Brevis – The extensor hallucis brevis muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the foot lying between the extensor digitorum longus and lateral to extensor hallucis longus.

• Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to the big toe.
• Actions: Extension of the big toe.

Dorsal Interossei – There are four dorsal interossei located between the metatarsals. Each arises from two metatarsals.

• Attachments: Originates from the sides of metatarsals one to five (big toe to little toe). The first muscle attaches to the medial side of the phalanx of the second toe. The second to fourth interossei attach to the lateral sides of the phalanxes of toes two to four.
• Actions: Abduct and flexes digits two to four.

Plantar Compartment

The muscles of the plantar compartment play a key role in stabilizing the arch of the foot and controlling the digits, providing the necessary strength and fine movements to maintain balance and posture and promote walking.

Plantar View of Foot: The muscles, tendons, and ligaments of the sole of the foot with flexor digitorum brevis shown in red.

Abductor Hallucis – The abductor hallucis muscle is located on the medial side of the sole.

• Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to the base of the big toe.
• Actions: Abducts and flexes the big toe.

Flexor Digitorum Brevis – The flexor digitorum brevis muscle is located laterally to the abductor hallucis and lies in the middle of the sole of the foot.

• Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to all the toes excluding the little toe.
• Actions: Flexes the toes at the proximal interphalangeal (between the phalanges preoxmales and phalanges mediae) joints.

Abductor Digiti Minimi – The abductor digit minimi muscle is located on the lateral side of the foot.

• Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to the little toe.
• Actions: Abducts and flexes the little toe.

Quadratus Plantae – The quadratus Plantae muscle is located superior to the flexor digitorum longus tendons.

• Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to the tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
• Actions: Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing the lateral four toes.

Lubricants –The lubricants are four small skeletal muscles, accessory to the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and numbered from the medial side of the foot.

• Attachments: Originates from the tendons of flexor digitorum longus. Attaches to the toes.
• Actions: Flexes at the metatarsophalangeal (between the metatarsals and phalanges proximal) joints, while extending the interphalangeal joints (between the phalanges proximal and phalanges mediae).

Flexor Hallucis Brevis – The flexor hallucis brevis muscle is located on the medial side of the foot.

• Attachments: Originates from the plantar surfaces of the cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones in the sole of the foot and attaches to the big toe.
• Actions: Flexes the big toe.

Adductor Hallucis – The adductor hallucis muscle is located laterally to the flexor hallucis Brevis.

• Attachments:  The adductor hallucis originates from the bases of the first four metatarsals, and also from the plantar ligaments before attaching to the big toe.
• Actions: Adduct the big toe and maintains the arch of the foot.

Plantar Interossei – The three plantar interossei lie beneath rather than between the metatarsal bones. Each is connected with one metatarsal bone.

• Attachments: Originates from the medial side of metatarsals three to five. Attaches to the medial sides of the phalanges of digits three to five.
• Actions: Adducts and flexes digits three to five.

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis – Similar to the interossei in structure, the flexor digit minimi brevis muscle is located on the lateral side of the foot underneath the metatarsal of the little toe.

• Attachments: Originates from the base of the fifth metatarsal and attaches to the base of a phalanx of the little toe
• Actions: Flexes the little toe.

Key Points

• The gluteus maximus extends the hip, while the gluteus medius and minimus are involved in hip rotation and abduction (moving hip out from the midline).
• The adductor group (adductor brevis, longus, and Magnus along with pectineus and gracilis) moves the femur towards the midline from an abducted position.
• The iliopsoas group of muscles (iliacus and psoas major) is responsible for hip flexion.
• The lateral rotator group of muscles (externus and internus obturators, the piriformis, the superior and inferior Gemelli, and the quadratus femoris) turns the anterior surface of the femur outward. This motion is aided by the gluteus maximus and the adductor Magnus.

Key Movement

• Eversion of the Foot (tilting of the sole of the foot away from the midline) – Performed by the fibularis brevis and fibularis longus.
• Inversion of the Foot (tilting of the sole of the foot inwards towards the midline) – Performed by the tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior.
• Dorsiflexion of the Foot (pulling the foot upwards towards the leg) – Performed by the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus.
• Plantarflexion of the Foot (pulling the foot downwards away from the lower leg) – Performed by the gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus, and fibularis longus.
• Plantarflexion – Movement of the foot downwards away from the lower leg.
• Eversion – Tilting of the foot so the sole faces away from the midline.
• Inversion – Tilting of the foot so the sole faces into the midline.
• Dorsiflexion – Movement of the foot upwards towards the lower leg.
• Extension – Produced by the sartorius and quadriceps femoris group of muscles.
• Flexion – Produced by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles. The popliteus muscle facilitates this movement by unlocking the fully extended knee joint.
• Rotation – The knee joint allows for slight rotation when flexed, which is produced by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, and sartorius.
• Hamstring group – A group of three muscles found in the posterior region of the thigh, responsible for the flexing of the lower leg at the knee.
• Quadriceps femoris – A group of four muscles found in the anterior region of the thigh, responsible for extension of the lower leg at the knee.
• Popliteus – A muscles located behind the knee which “unlocks” the fully extended knee joint allowing for flexion.

Key Points

• The ankle consists of two joints which permit dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion of the foot.
• Strong ligaments hold the ankle joint in place, although it is susceptible to damage.
• Muscles controlling movement at the ankle are found in the leg and can be split into anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments.
• At full extension, the tibia and femur “lock” into position, providing stability in the leg and improving load-bearing capacity. The popliteus muscle at the back of the leg unlocks the knee by rotating the femur on the tibia, allowing flexion of the joint.
• The quadriceps femoris muscle group (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medius, and vastus intermedius) crosses the knee via the patella and acts to extend the leg.
• The hamstring group muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris) flex the knee and extend the hip.

More About The Muscles of Foot

To simplify the organization of the muscles, the following will break them up into those that act upon the foot and ankle and those classified as intrinsic.[rx][rx][rx]

Foot and Ankle

Peroneus Longus

• The peroneus longus is one of the three muscles that span the lateral leg – peroneus may also be interchanged with fibular, referring to the lateral bone of the lower leg running deep to the peroneal muscles
• Origin: The peroneus longus muscle originates on the head of the fibula and the upper half of the fibular shaft – this muscle crosses the ankle joint and courses deep into the foot and passes into a groove of the cuboid bone.
• Insertion: the posterolateral aspect of the medial cuneiform bone and the lateral portion of the base of the first metatarsal
• Action: The peroneus longus acts to evert the foot, plantarflex the ankle and adds support to the transverse arch of the foot
• Blood Supply: Anterior tibial artery
• Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve

Peroneus Brevis

• The peroneus brevis is another of the three muscles spanning the lateral leg and may also be called fibularis brevis, referring to the fibula
• Origin: The peroneus brevis originates on the inferior two-thirds of the lateral fibula and courses posteriorly to the lateral malleolus of the fibula ultimately
• Insertion: The styloid process of the fifth metatarsal
• Action: The primary action of the peroneus brevis is to evert the foot and plantarflex the ankle
• Blood Supply: Peroneal artery
• Innervation: The superficial peroneal nerve innervates the peroneus brevis muscle

Peroneus Tertius

• The peroneus Tertius is the third and final muscle of the lateral peroneus or fibular muscles
• Origin: The peroneus Tertius originates from the middle fibular shaft
• Insertion: The dorsal surface of the fifth metatarsal
• Action: Dorsiflex, evert, and abduct the foot
• Blood Supply: The peroneus Tertius primarily receives its blood supply from the anterior tibial artery
• Innervation: Peroneus Tertius innervation comes from the deep peroneal nerve, and innervation different than its similarly named peroneal counterparts

Anterior Tibialis

• The anterior tibialis is the most prominent muscle in the anterior leg and is often visible during dorsiflexion of the foot
• Origin: The lateral condyle of the tibia and the proximal half to two-thirds of the tibial shaft.
• Insertion: This occurs after passing under the extensor retinaculum and is on the medial and plantar surfaces of the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal.
• Action: Dorsiflex the ankle and invert the hindfoot
• Blood Supply: Anterior tibial artery
• Innervation: Comes from the deep peroneal nerve

Posterior Tibialis

• Origin: The superior two-thirds of the medial posterior surface of the tibia
• Insertion: The tendon courses distally, splitting into two at the calcaneonavicular ligament, to insert on the tuberosity of the navicular bone (superficial slip) and the plantar surfaces of the metatarsals two to four (deep slip)
• Action: The posterior tibialis is the primary inverter of the foot but also adducts, plantar flexes, and aides in supination of the foot
• Blood Supply: Sural, peroneal, and posterior tibial arteries
• Innervation: Tibial nerve

Extensor Digitorum Longus

• Origin: Lateral tibial condyle and continues distally to split into four tendons after the level of the extensor retinaculum
• Insertion: Dorsum of the middle and distal phalanges
• Action: Extend the second through fifth digits and dorsiflex the ankle
• Blood Supply: anterior tibial artery
• Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

Flexor Digitorum Longus

• Origin: Posterior surface of the tibia distal to the popliteal line
• Insertion: Continues distally to split into four individual tendons which insert on the plantar surfaces of the bases of the second through fifth distal phalanges
• Action: Flex the digits two through five and may aid in plantar flexion of the ankle
• Blood Supply: Posterior tibial artery
• Innervation: Tibial nerve

Flexor Hallucis Longus

• Origin: inferior two-thirds of the posterior fibula
• Insertion: The plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe
• Action: Flex the great toe but may minimally supinate and plantarflex the ankle
• Blood Supply: Peroneal and posterior tibial artery
• Innervation: Tibial nerve

Gastrocnemius

• The gastrocnemius is the most superficial calf muscle
• Origin: femoral condyles
• Insertion: thick Achilles tendon inserting on the calcaneus.
• Action: Plantarflex the ankle.
• Blood Supply: Sural branch of the popliteal artery
• Innervation: Tibial nerve

Soleus

• The soleus is the deep muscle of the posterior leg and makes up most of the bulk of the calf
• Origin: Upper quarter of the posterior fibula and the middle third of the posterior tibial shaft
• Insertion: The soleus eventually joins the gastrocnemius to for the Achilles tendon to insert on the calcaneus
• Action: The action is to plantarflex the ankle
• Blood Supply: Posterior tibial, peroneal, and sural arteries
• Innervation: Tibial nerve

Intrinsic – Dorsal

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

• Origin: Dorsal surface of the calcaneus
• Insertion: The base of the proximal phalanx of digits two through four
• Action: Extend the toes
• Blood Supply: Dorsalis pedis
• Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve

Dorsal Interosseous

• The dorsal interossei muscles exist between digits two through five – the two adjacent muscles form a central tendon and act to abduct the metatarsal-phalangeal joints and innervation comes from the lateral plantar nerve

Extensor Hallucis Brevis

• Origin: Dorsal surface of the calcaneus
• Insertion: The base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe
• Action: Extend the great toe
• Blood Supply: Dorsalis pedis.
• Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve

Plantar 1st layer

Abductor Hallucis

• Origin: Calcaneal tuberosity
• Insertion: Base of the great toe and the proximal phalanx.
• Action: Abduct the great toe
• Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery
• Innervation: Medial plantar nerve

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

• Origin: Calcaneal tuberosity
• Insertion: The middle phalanx of digits two through five
• Action: Flex the digits two through five
• Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery
• Innervation: Medial plantar nerve

Abductor Digiti Minimi

• Origin: Calcaneal tuberosity
• Insertion: Base of the fifth metatarsal
• Action: Abduct the 5th digit
• Blood Supply: Lateral plantar artery
• Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve lateral plantar artery

2nd Layer

Quadratus Plantae

• Origin: Plantar surface of the calcaneus
• Insertion: Flexor digitorum longus tendon
• Action: Help flex the distal phalanges
• Blood Supply: Lateral plantar artery
• Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve

Lubricants

• There are four muscles referred to as lumbricals in the foot
• Origin: Flexor digitorum longus tendon
• Insertion: Extensor digitorum longus tendon
• Action: Flex the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints
• Blood Supply: Medial and lateral plantar arteries
• Innervation: Medial and lateral plantar nerve

3rd layer

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

• Origin: The cuboid and the lateral cuneiform
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of the great toe
• Action: Flex the great toe
• Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery
• Innervation: Medial plantar nerve

Oblique and Transverse Head of Adductor Hallucis

• The adductor hallucis has two heads, an oblique head, and a transverse head
• Origin: The oblique head originates at the proximal ends of the metatarsals two through four, and the transverse head originates via MTP ligaments of digits three through five
• Insertion: inserts at the proximal phalanx of the great toe
• Action: The primary action is to adduct the great toe
• Blood Supply: First plantar metatarsal artery
• Innervation: Deep branch of lateral plantar

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

• Origin: Base of the fifth metatarsal
• Insertion: Proximal phalanx of the fifth metatarsal
• Action: The primary action is to flex the fifth digit
• Blood Supply: Lateral Plantar artery
• Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve

4th layer

Plantar Interosseous

• The plantar interossei
• Origin: medial aspect of the individual metatarsals of digits three through five
• Insertion: The proximal phalanges
• Action: Adduct the digits
• Blood Supply: Plantar metatarsal artery
• Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve

References